Suchergebnisse

The aim of the study is to present and compare the level of protection of the rights of national minorities in the states created by the break-up of the Soviet Union, along its former western border. The research covered: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. In pursuit of the stated aim, the processes occurring in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, which resulted in migrations and significant ethnic mixing of the population, are presented. In the next step, the population of ethnic minorities in the countries covered by the study is presented. It is indicated who each of the countries in question recognises as belonging to minority groups, as well as who Russia, as heir to the former empire, recognises as minorities living in the territories in question. In the final step, the principles of protection of the rights of national minorities in the respective states were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the issue of the freedom to use and teach the language of minority groups. The research showed that the three Baltic States, after regaining their independence, started to rebuild their national identity at the expense of minority rights. However, by doing so, they are now gradually improving their status. The other three states have followed a different path by specifically trying to protect the largest Russian-speaking language group. Growing pressure from Russia seeking to rebuild its imperial position has exposed the flaws in such an arrangement, and Russian-speaking minorities have become a tool of its efforts. As a result, Belarus is on the road to losing its own distinctiveness and reintegrating, Moldova is trying to balance although gradually strengthening its national identity, while Ukraine has abruptly changed its policy since 2014 and is now diligently building its own identity at the expense, however, of minority rights.

The Regional Symbolic Universum of the Aland IslandsThe author argues that the inhabitants of the Aland Islands exhibit a separate island identity. He describes the specific historical, geographical, social, political and legal situation of this region on the basis of the elements that constitute the local/regional symbolic universum. He points out that as a result of decades-long manifestations of a sense of separateness and of struggle to preserve and maintain this separateness, a regional culture has come into being, unique and specific to these Islands only. He claims that, based on this regional culture, a distinct ethnic identity has been constructed, which manifests itself as a strong collective WE, a sense that the inhabitants identify with the category "Aland Islander", yet without establishing a national identity, and with no aspirations for an independent sovereign state.

Проблеми дискримінації корінних народів проникли в свідомість міжнародної громадської думки порівняно недавно, на зламі сімдесятих та вісімдесятих років ХХ століття. Заходи, ініційовані індіанцями, протягом наступних років були продовжені саамами, інуїтами, маорі та аборигенами, а за ними, в цьому напрямку, попрямували інші корінні народи у всьому світі. Це змусило держави розробити нові системи захисту прав осіб, що належать до цих громад. Через декілька десятиліть це призвело до створення системи міжнародних стандартів захисту кодифікованих у двох актах: Конвенції МОП № 169 та Декларації ООН про права корінних народів. Держави, в яких проживають корінні народи, прийняли різні стратегії дій. Метою цієї статті є представлення і пояснення заходів, що вживаються Норвегією та її залучення до будівництва системи міжнародного захисту прав корінних народів на фоні внутрішньої політики держави.