Suchergebnisse

From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life. ; From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life. ; From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life.

From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life. ; From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life. ; From officium to beneficium: Local government structures in the Hospitaller Priory of Alamania during the 13th and early 14th century The paper is about the appointment of commanders for Hospitaller houses in southern Germany during the second half of the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth century (until c. 1330). No written documents about such appointments are extant from the time and region. The names of the commanders are only known from local charters. Some commanders were changed almost annually. Others stayed on more or less for life. The Hospitaller rule, statutes and consuetudines concerning such appointments are not clear. In the fourteenth century commanders were entrusted their houses either for ten years or for life. Earlier on shorter periods are probable, five years or even only one year, until the next regional chapter. Further research should be devoted to the question whether military-religious orders started with an office whose officers was ad nutum amovibilis, and then changed to procedures known from ecclesiastical benefices held by non-religious, secular clergy for life and from fiefs held by secular knights that were also held for life.

Fratres Clerici and Beneficia Ecclesiastica in the Medieval Hospitaller Priory of Alamania The Hospitallers acquired possessions in Latin Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries first through donations, later on also by purchase, in order to support their activities in the Levant. These acquisitions included parishes, hospitals and castles, although their maintenance necessitated expenditures that reduced the surpluses the Hospitallers could use for the Levant. At the same time parishes and other ecclesiastical benefices were restructured according to the concepts of ius patronatus and incorporation. As a consequence, episcopal supervision was strengthened even for those parishes and benefices which were owned by the Hospitallers and other religious orders. In general, fratres clerici were of lesser importance in the Order than fratres milites. Nevertheless, they were eligible to become commanders or to administer commanderies for absentee commanders, and they were indispensable both for services in the Order's parish churches and for prayers on behalf of the souls of the Order's members and benefactors. During the later Middle Ages their role was strengthened especially in Cologne and in the two new Hospitaller foundations at Straßburg in 1371 and Biel in 1454/1455. After the Reformation the Order's priests received an exclusive right roughly one third of the commanderies. ; Fratres Clerici and Beneficia Ecclesiastica in the Medieval Hospitaller Priory of Alamania The Hospitallers acquired possessions in Latin Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries first through donations, later on also by purchase, in order to support their activities in the Levant. These acquisitions included parishes, hospitals and castles, although their maintenance necessitated expenditures that reduced the surpluses the Hospitallers could use for the Levant. At the same time parishes and other ecclesiastical benefices were restructured according to the concepts of ius patronatus and incorporation. As a consequence, episcopal supervision was strengthened even for those parishes and benefices which were owned by the Hospitallers and other religious orders. In general, fratres clerici were of lesser importance in the Order than fratres milites. Nevertheless, they were eligible to become commanders or to administer commanderies for absentee commanders, and they were indispensable both for services in the Order's parish churches and for prayers on behalf of the souls of the Order's members and benefactors. During the later Middle Ages their role was strengthened especially in Cologne and in the two new Hospitaller foundations at Straßburg in 1371 and Biel in 1454/1455. After the Reformation the Order's priests received an exclusive right roughly one third of the commanderies. ; Fratres Clerici and Beneficia Ecclesiastica in the Medieval Hospitaller Priory of Alamania The Hospitallers acquired possessions in Latin Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries first through donations, later on also by purchase, in order to support their activities in the Levant. These acquisitions included parishes, hospitals and castles, although their maintenance necessitated expenditures that reduced the surpluses the Hospitallers could use for the Levant. At the same time parishes and other ecclesiastical benefices were restructured according to the concepts of ius patronatus and incorporation. As a consequence, episcopal supervision was strengthened even for those parishes and benefices which were owned by the Hospitallers and other religious orders. In general, fratres clerici were of lesser importance in the Order than fratres milites. Nevertheless, they were eligible to become commanders or to administer commanderies for absentee commanders, and they were indispensable both for services in the Order's parish churches and for prayers on behalf of the souls of the Order's members and benefactors. During the later Middle Ages their role was strengthened especially in Cologne and in the two new Hospitaller foundations at Straßburg in 1371 and Biel in 1454/1455. After the Reformation the Order's priests received an exclusive right roughly one third of the commanderies.

Fratres Clerici and Beneficia Ecclesiastica in the Medieval Hospitaller Priory of Alamania The Hospitallers acquired possessions in Latin Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries first through donations, later on also by purchase, in order to support their activities in the Levant. These acquisitions included parishes, hospitals and castles, although their maintenance necessitated expenditures that reduced the surpluses the Hospitallers could use for the Levant. At the same time parishes and other ecclesiastical benefices were restructured according to the concepts of ius patronatus and incorporation. As a consequence, episcopal supervision was strengthened even for those parishes and benefices which were owned by the Hospitallers and other religious orders. In general, fratres clerici were of lesser importance in the Order than fratres milites. Nevertheless, they were eligible to become commanders or to administer commanderies for absentee commanders, and they were indispensable both for services in the Order's parish churches and for prayers on behalf of the souls of the Order's members and benefactors. During the later Middle Ages their role was strengthened especially in Cologne and in the two new Hospitaller foundations at Straßburg in 1371 and Biel in 1454/1455. After the Reformation the Order's priests received an exclusive right roughly one third of the commanderies. ; Fratres Clerici and Beneficia Ecclesiastica in the Medieval Hospitaller Priory of Alamania The Hospitallers acquired possessions in Latin Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries first through donations, later on also by purchase, in order to support their activities in the Levant. These acquisitions included parishes, hospitals and castles, although their maintenance necessitated expenditures that reduced the surpluses the Hospitallers could use for the Levant. At the same time parishes and other ecclesiastical benefices were restructured according to the concepts of ius patronatus and incorporation. As a consequence, episcopal supervision was strengthened even for those parishes and benefices which were owned by the Hospitallers and other religious orders. In general, fratres clerici were of lesser importance in the Order than fratres milites. Nevertheless, they were eligible to become commanders or to administer commanderies for absentee commanders, and they were indispensable both for services in the Order's parish churches and for prayers on behalf of the souls of the Order's members and benefactors. During the later Middle Ages their role was strengthened especially in Cologne and in the two new Hospitaller foundations at Straßburg in 1371 and Biel in 1454/1455. After the Reformation the Order's priests received an exclusive right roughly one third of the commanderies. ; Fratres Clerici and Beneficia Ecclesiastica in the Medieval Hospitaller Priory of Alamania The Hospitallers acquired possessions in Latin Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries first through donations, later on also by purchase, in order to support their activities in the Levant. These acquisitions included parishes, hospitals and castles, although their maintenance necessitated expenditures that reduced the surpluses the Hospitallers could use for the Levant. At the same time parishes and other ecclesiastical benefices were restructured according to the concepts of ius patronatus and incorporation. As a consequence, episcopal supervision was strengthened even for those parishes and benefices which were owned by the Hospitallers and other religious orders. In general, fratres clerici were of lesser importance in the Order than fratres milites. Nevertheless, they were eligible to become commanders or to administer commanderies for absentee commanders, and they were indispensable both for services in the Order's parish churches and for prayers on behalf of the souls of the Order's members and benefactors. During the later Middle Ages their role was strengthened especially in Cologne and in the two new Hospitaller foundations at Straßburg in 1371 and Biel in 1454/1455. After the Reformation the Order's priests received an exclusive right roughly one third of the commanderies.

Based primarily on select papal registers of the thirteenth century, it is possible to collect some evidence about Templars at the papal curia. There were permanent representatives and ad hoc envoys of the Templar order in the Holy Land. There were also Templars who conducted administrative or financial business on behalf of the popes. They informed the pope about events in the Holy Land and were helpful in collecting monies and alms for the defence of the Levant against the Muslims. In this respect the Templars were similar to the Hospitallers and the other military-religious orders. But one should be careful not to assume one single network of Templar brothers at the papal curia. On the contrary, many Templars came to the papal curia in order to serve their local rulers, their own families and friends. Broadly speaking the extant documents concern five issues: licences to transfer adherence from one religious order to another, appointments to serve as prelates, justice or mercy against punishments imposed by Templar officers, graces for relatives, and finally commissions from rulers and others outside the Templar order. So each Templar belonged to a great variety of either more occasional or more permanent networks. The study of such networks is difficult because of the lack of information in the fairly standardized charters of the time. Nevertheless, it is the only chance for historians to try and understand thirteenth-century processes of decision-making behind the more formal structures of both the papal curia and the Templar order. ; The Templars at the Roman Curia in the thirteenth century: a network?Based primarily on select papal registers of the thirteenth century, it is possible to collect some evidence about Templars at the papal curia. There were permanent representatives and ad hoc envoys of the Templar order in the Holy Land. There were also Templars who conducted administrative or financial business on behalf of the popes. They informed the pope about events in the Holy Land and were helpful in collecting monies and alms for the defence of the Levant against the Muslims. In this respect the Templars were similar to the Hospitallers and the other military-religious orders. But one should be careful not to assume one single network of Templar brothers at the papal curia. On the contrary, many Templars came to the papal curia in order to serve their local rulers, their own families and friends. Broadly speaking the extant documents concern five issues: licences to transfer adherence from one religious order to another, appointments to serve as prelates, justice or mercy against punishments imposed by Templar officers, graces for relatives, and finally commissions from rulers and others outside the Templar order. So each Templar belonged to a great variety of either more occasional or more permanent networks. The study of such networks is difficult because of the lack of information in the fairly standardized charters of the time. Nevertheless, it is the only chance for historians to try and understand thirteenth-century processes of decision-making behind the more formal structures of both the papal curia and the Templar order.

Based primarily on select papal registers of the thirteenth century, it is possible to collect some evidence about Templars at the papal curia. There were permanent representatives and ad hoc envoys of the Templar order in the Holy Land. There were also Templars who conducted administrative or financial business on behalf of the popes. They informed the pope about events in the Holy Land and were helpful in collecting monies and alms for the defence of the Levant against the Muslims. In this respect the Templars were similar to the Hospitallers and the other military-religious orders. But one should be careful not to assume one single network of Templar brothers at the papal curia. On the contrary, many Templars came to the papal curia in order to serve their local rulers, their own families and friends. Broadly speaking the extant documents concern five issues: licences to transfer adherence from one religious order to another, appointments to serve as prelates, justice or mercy against punishments imposed by Templar officers, graces for relatives, and finally commissions from rulers and others outside the Templar order. So each Templar belonged to a great variety of either more occasional or more permanent networks. The study of such networks is difficult because of the lack of information in the fairly standardized charters of the time. Nevertheless, it is the only chance for historians to try and understand thirteenth-century processes of decision-making behind the more formal structures of both the papal curia and the Templar order. ; The Templars at the Roman Curia in the thirteenth century: a network?Based primarily on select papal registers of the thirteenth century, it is possible to collect some evidence about Templars at the papal curia. There were permanent representatives and ad hoc envoys of the Templar order in the Holy Land. There were also Templars who conducted administrative or financial business on behalf of the popes. They informed the pope about events in the Holy Land and were helpful in collecting monies and alms for the defence of the Levant against the Muslims. In this respect the Templars were similar to the Hospitallers and the other military-religious orders. But one should be careful not to assume one single network of Templar brothers at the papal curia. On the contrary, many Templars came to the papal curia in order to serve their local rulers, their own families and friends. Broadly speaking the extant documents concern five issues: licences to transfer adherence from one religious order to another, appointments to serve as prelates, justice or mercy against punishments imposed by Templar officers, graces for relatives, and finally commissions from rulers and others outside the Templar order. So each Templar belonged to a great variety of either more occasional or more permanent networks. The study of such networks is difficult because of the lack of information in the fairly standardized charters of the time. Nevertheless, it is the only chance for historians to try and understand thirteenth-century processes of decision-making behind the more formal structures of both the papal curia and the Templar order.