Suchergebnisse

This paper analyses EU dairy policy reforms and mainly focus on EU milk quota removal scenarios. The model used to evaluate the scenario is a spatial equilibrium model of the dairy sector. It integrates the main competitor of the EU on world markets, Oceania, as well as the main importing regions in the rest of the world. The paper first assesses the impact of the Luxembourg scenario in the prospect of a new WTO agreement in the future. It then provide a quantitative assessment of the impact of the abolition of EU milk quotas on the EU dairy sector either through a gradual phasing out or through an abrupt abolition of milk quotas. Compared to a status-quo policy, the Luxembourg policy leads to a 7.6 percent milk price decrease and a 1.9 percent milk production increase. A gradual increase of milk quotas as recently proposed by the European Commission (+ 7% over 6 years) generate a 9% drop in the EU milk price (compared to the Luxembourg scenario) and an increase in production by 3.5%. A complete elimination of quotas leads to an additional 1% increase in production and an additional 3% drop in the EU milk price. As compared to the baseline scenario, in the Luxembourg scenario in 2014-15, producers gain 1.3 billion €, whereas in the same year they lose 2.6 billion € in the soft landing scenario. As such the direct payments are more than sufficient to compensate producers for the loss of producer surplus in the Luxembourg scenario, but fall short to achieve full compensation in the soft landing scenario.

We develop a framework of bilateral oligopoly with a sequential two-stage game in which manufacturers engage in bilateral bargains with retailers competing on a downstream market. We show that bargaining outcomes depend on three different bargaining forces and can be interpreted in terms of "equilibrium of fear". We estimate our framework using data on soft drink purchases in France and find that retailers have a higher bargaining power than manufacturers. Using counterfactual simulations, we highlight that retail mergers always increase retailers' fear of disagreement which weakens their bargaining power vis-à-vis manufacturers and leads to higher wholesale and retail prices.

International audience ; The EU dairy policy has undergone several changes over its near forty year life. The most significant of these changes were the introduction of the milk quotas in 1984, and more recently the 2003 CAP reform (Luxembourg Agreement). Whereas since the MacSharry reform of 1992 several other agricultural sectors were already subject to a regime-switch implying the reduction in price support partly compensated by direct payments, the dairy sector had initially be largely exempted from this policy turn to increase the competitiveness of EU agriculture. The Luxembourg Agreement not only deepened the reform of the 1990s, but further completed it by including the dairy sector, as well as by decoupling the direct payments from production. As regards dairy it implied significant declines in support prices for butter and skimmed milk powder, partly compensated for by newly introduced milk premiums. The milk quota regime was prolonged till 2014-15. In the upcoming evaluation of the CAP (Health Check in 2008) the future of the quota regime will be at the core of the discussions. Many countries are now in favour of an expiry of the quota regime.With these policy changes the EU dairy sector is set on a more market-oriented course, improving its chances at the world markets. In addition, the EU has been enlarged with ten new member states in 2004 and another two in 2007. All of them are dairy producing countries with some heavily dependent on milk production (European Commission, 2006). This significantly increased both the production capacities as well as the demand for dairy products in the EU. It also increased the EU's importance as a big player in the world's dairy sector. With the 'transition' process in the new member states still going on and supply management likely to be abandoned in the future, the EUs role in dairy trade might significantly change over time. However, trade will not be influenced by policy changes within the EU only. It will also be affected by what happens on the international ...

International audience The EU dairy policy has undergone several changes over its near forty year life. The most significant of these changes were the introduction of the milk quotas in 1984, and more recently the 2003 CAP reform (Luxembourg Agreement). Whereas since the MacSharry reform of 1992 several other agricultural sectors were already subject to a regime-switch implying the reduction in price support partly compensated by direct payments, the dairy sector had initially be largely exempted from this policy turn to increase the competitiveness of EU agriculture. The Luxembourg Agreement not only deepened the reform of the 1990s, but further completed it by including the dairy sector, as well as by decoupling the direct payments from production. As regards dairy it implied significant declines in support prices for butter and skimmed milk powder, partly compensated for by newly introduced milk premiums. The milk quota regime was prolonged till 2014-15. In the upcoming evaluation of the CAP (Health Check in 2008) the future of the quota regime will be at the core of the discussions. Many countries are now in favour of an expiry of the quota regime.With these policy changes the EU dairy sector is set on a more market-oriented course, improving its chances at the world markets. In addition, the EU has been enlarged with ten new member states in 2004 and another two in 2007. All of them are dairy producing countries with some heavily dependent on milk production (European Commission, 2006). This significantly increased both the production capacities as well as the demand for dairy products in the EU. It also increased the EU's importance as a big player in the world's dairy sector. With the 'transition' process in the new member states still going on and supply management likely to be abandoned in the future, the EUs role in dairy trade might significantly change over time. However, trade will not be influenced by policy changes within the EU only. It will also be affected by what happens on the international ...

The EU dairy policy has undergone several changes over its near forty year life. The most significant of these changes were the introduction of the milk quotas in 1984, and more recently the 2003 CAP reform (Luxembourg Agreement). Whereas since the MacSharry reform of 1992 several other agricultural sectors were already subject to a regime-switch implying the reduction in price support partly compensated by direct payments, the dairy sector had initially be largely exempted from this policy turn to increase the competitiveness of EU agriculture. The Luxembourg Agreement not only deepened the reform of the 1990s, but further completed it by including the dairy sector, as well as by decoupling the direct payments from production. As regards dairy it implied significant declines in support prices for butter and skimmed milk powder, partly compensated for by newly introduced milk premiums. The milk quota regime was prolonged till 2014-15. In the upcoming evaluation of the CAP (Health Check in 2008) the future of the quota regime will be at the core of the discussions. Many countries are now in favour of an expiry of the quota regime.With these policy changes the EU dairy sector is set on a more market-oriented course, improving its chances at the world markets. In addition, the EU has been enlarged with ten new member states in 2004 and another two in 2007. All of them are dairy producing countries with some heavily dependent on milk production (European Commission, 2006). This significantly increased both the production capacities as well as the demand for dairy products in the EU. It also increased the EU's importance as a big player in the world's dairy sector. With the 'transition' process in the new member states still going on and supply management likely to be abandoned in the future, the EUs role in dairy trade might significantly change over time. However, trade will not be influenced by policy changes within the EU only. It will also be affected by what happens on the international scene, in particular by the impacts the outcome of the ongoing Doha Round of the WTO trade negotiations may have on trade policies world wide. This article aims at three goals. First an assessment is made of the 2003 dairy policy reform and its impacts both within the EU and on the EU's trade in dairy products. Second, the impact of further trade liberalisation will be analysed by simulating a new Doha Round agreement on dairy trade policies. Given a new WTO agreement and the likely abolition of the milk quota regime in 2014-15, as a third scenario we look at the implications of a gradual phasing out of the milk quota system.

International audience ; This paper analyses EU dairy policy reforms and mainly focus on EU milk quota removal scenarios. The model used to evaluate the scenario is a spatial equilibrium model of the dairy sector. It integrates the main competitor of the EU on world markets, Oceania, as well as the main importing regions in the rest of the world. The paper first assesses the impact of the Luxembourg scenario in the prospect of a new WTO agreement in the future. It then provide a quantitative assessment of the impact of the abolition of EU milk quotas on the EU dairy sector either through a gradual phasing out or through an abrupt abolition of milk quotas. Compared to a status-quo policy, the Luxembourg policy leads to a 7.6 percent milk price decrease and a 1.9 percent milk production increase. A gradual increase of milk quotas as recently proposed by the European Commission (+ 7% over 6 years) generate a 9% drop in the EU milk price (compared to the Luxembourg scenario) and an increase in production by 3.5%. A complete elimination of quotas leads to an additional 1% increase in production and an additional 3% drop in the EU milk price. As compared to the baseline scenario, in the Luxembourg scenario in 2014-15, producers gain 1.3 billion €, whereas in the same year they lose 2.6 billion € in the soft landing scenario. As such the direct payments are more than sufficient to compensate producers for the loss of producer surplus in the Luxembourg scenario, but fall short to achieve full compensation in the soft landing scenario.

Depuis le milieu des années 2000, l'élevage fait l'objet de vifs débats en raison de ses impacts sur le climat et l'environnement, accentués par la hausse de la consommation mondiale en viandes et produits laitiers. Les impacts et services issus des élevages sont ici étudiés à l'échelle de l'Europe, en examinant leurs effets sur les marchés, l'emploi et le travail, la consommation d'intrants, l'environnement et le climat, ainsi que les enjeux sociaux et culturels associés à l'élevage. Puis les interactions entre ces volets ou " bouquets de services " sont analysées simultanément. Ces bouquets sont déclinés dans une typologie et cartographiés selon six classes de territoires d'élevage européens à partir de deux critères : la densité en animaux et la part de prairies permanentes dans le paysage agricole. Cet ouvrage reprend les enseignements d'une expertise scientifique collective conduite par 26 experts de disciplines scientifiques complémentaires et coordonnée par l'Inra, réalisée à la demande conjointe des ministères en charge de l'Environnement et de l'Agriculture, et de l'Ademe.