Suchergebnisse

Employing a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Spanish economy, this study aims to characterise the potential impact of Kyoto and European Union environmental policy targets on the Spanish economy up to 2020, with a focus on the agricultural sector. The model code is modified to characterise the emissions trading scheme (ETS), emissions quotas and carbon taxes, whilst emissions reductions are applied to all six registered greenhouse gases (GHGs). As extensions to this work, the study attempts to integrate the use of 'Marginal Abatement Cost' (MAC) curves for emissions reductions within the agricultural sector, and econometric estimates of the effects of global warming on land productivity in Spain.

Employing a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Spanish economy, this study explicitly aims to characterise the potential impact of Kyoto and European Union environmental policy targets on the Spanish economy up to 2020, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. The model code is modified to characterise the emissions trading scheme (ETS), emissions quotas and carbon taxes, whilst emissions reductions are applied to all six registered greenhouse gases (GHGs). As extensions to this work, the study attempts to integrate both the use of 'Marginal Abatement Cost' (MAC) curves for potential emissions reductions within the agricultural sector, and econometric estimates of the effects of global warming on land productivity in Spain. The study includes a 'no action' baseline (with 2007 as the benchmark year), in which GHGs are not restricted in any sector of the economy. This is compared to an 'emissions stabilisation' scenario, in which the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is implemented, and all of Spain's commitments under Kyoto, and various pieces of EU climate change legislation, are met. Under this scenario, the policy-induced price rises of polluting inputs and processes determine the allocation of emissions reductions amongst the various industries in the economy. Given the agricultural focus of the study, the modelling of emissions response in this sector is further enhanced by the inclusion of MAC curves. These map out an endogenous technological response to price rises, and the extent to which the emissions coefficient (e.g. N2O per Kg of fertiliser applied, or CH4 per head of cattle) can be reduced, such that the same quantity of input emits a smaller amount of GHGs. A flexible functional form is used to calibrate the MAC curves to data from the IIASA's GAINS model, which includes potential emissions reductions, and associated costs, of all major technological advances in agriculture currently underway, or potentially viable. This greatly aids our ability to explore the distribution of the burden of emissions reductions across the agricultural sector. A further feature of the model is that both the 'no action' baseline and the 'emissions stabilisation' scenario include estimates of their impacts on land productivity. Data on projected temperatures associated with the two emissions pathways came from the ClimateCost project. In addition, historical data on temperatures and yields in the various regions of Spain, was used to econometrically estimate the responsiveness of land productivity in the production of different crops, to temperature changes. These two combined give an estimate of how yields in Spain are likely to respond to the emissions levels resulting from the two different scenarios. Preliminary results suggest that the emissions policy causes small falls in real GDP and employment relative to the baseline, and a rise in the consumer price index. Agricultural emissions must meet their 'diffuse sector' target of a 10% fall on 2005 levels by 2020. The land productivity declines in the 'no action' baseline increase the pressure on productive land in Spain (already at close to its limit), and drive the need for increased use of other inputs. Further, the results allow us to see, under a single reduction target for all agricultural emissions, which industries will bear the brunt of the reductions, and which will find it more difficult/costly to mitigate. Analysis of this kind is likely to be of great interest in the design of policies specifying how the aggregate emissions targets are to be met.

This paper describes research on the resources that underlie a manufacturing company's service competence in its most established product group. Published methods for identifying and assessing resources are reviewed and, based on current theory, improvements are developed, tested and critiqued. A historical representation of the firm's activities in its service provision over more than ten years is used to enable grounded identification of the resources involved. Sets of theory‐based questions are used to assess the value and sustainability of the resources identified. The plans and actions that appeared to relate to the intervention are then described over the following two years. Finally the methods are discussed from three perspectives – first, their appropriateness; second, the resource data they generated, and third, their apparent utility for managers.

Employing a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Spanish economy, this study explicitly aims to characterise the potential impact of Kyoto and European Union environmental policy targets on the Spanish economy up to 2020, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. The model code is modified to characterise the emissions trading scheme (ETS), emissions quotas and carbon taxes, whilst emissions reductions are applied to all six registered greenhouse gases (GHGs). As extensions to this work, the study attempts to integrate both the use of 'Marginal Abatement Cost' (MAC) curves for potential emissions reductions within the agricultural sector, and econometric estimates of the effects of global warming on land productivity in Spain. The study includes a no action baseline (with 2007 as the benchmark year), in which GHGs are not restricted in any sector of the economy. This is compared to an emissions stabilisation scenario, in which the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is implemented, and all of Spain's commitments under Kyoto, and various pieces of EU climate change legislation, are met. Under this scenario, the policy-induced price rises of polluting inputs and processes determines the allocation of emissions reductions amongst the various industries in the economy. Given the agricultural focus of the study, the modelling of emissions response in this sector is further enhanced by the inclusion of MAC curves. These map out an endogenous technological response to price rises, and the extent to which the emissions coefficient (e.g. N2O per Kg of fertiliser applied, or CH4 per head of cattle) can be reduced, such that the same quantity of input emits a smaller amount of GHGs. A flexible functional form is used to calibrate the MAC curves to data from the IIASAs GAINS model , which includes potential emissions reductions, and associated costs, of all major technological advances in agriculture currently . ; Published

PurposeIt is argued that whilst operational and support processes deliver performance presently, it is the managerial processes that sustain performance over time. The purpose of this research paper is to better understand what these managerial processes are and how they influence organisational performance.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical background is reviewed covering literature on the subject of business process management, resourced‐based view (RBV), dynamic capabilities and managerial processes. A research framework leads to qualitative case study‐based research design. Data are collected from 37 organisations across Europe, classified according to their performance.FindingsFindings suggest that the five managerial processes and their constituent managerial activities, identified through the empirical research, influence performance of organisations as an interconnected managerial system rather than as individual processes and activities. Also, the execution and maturity of this managerial system is influenced by the perceptions of the managers who organise it.Research limitations/implicationsWithin the limitation of the study the discussion leads to eight research propositions that contribute to our understanding of how managerial processes influence organisational performance. These propositions and ensuing discussion provide insights into the content and structure of managerial processes, as well as contributing to the debate on RBV by suggesting that managerial processes and activities could be considered as valuable, rare and inimitable resources. Furthermore, the discussion on how managerial perceptions influence the organisation and execution of the managerial system contributes towards our understanding of how and why dynamic capabilities develop.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that in higher performing organisations, managers: demonstrate a wider awareness of the overall managerial system; achieve a balance between short‐term and future‐oriented activities; exploit their managerial activities for multiple purposes; demonstrate greater maturity of managerial activities; and pay greater attention to the organisation of the managerial system.Originality/valueThis paper presents one of the first empirical studies that attempt to understand how business processes, and particularly managerial processes, as an interconnected managerial system serve to sustain performance of organisations.