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Intro -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- 1 - Introduction, by Edward W. (Ned) Hill -- 2 - Midwestern Urban and Regioinal Responses to Global Economic Transition, by William M. Bowen and Kelly L. Kinahan -- 3 - Can Tax Expenditures Stimulate Growth in Rust Belt Cities?, by Benjamin Y. Clark -- 4 - The Evolution of Clusters and Implications for the Revival of Old Industrial Cities, by Haifeng Qian -- 5 - Stop Shovelling: A New Workforce Development Strategy to Promote Regional Prosperity, by Joel A. Elvery -- 6 - Distinctly Cleveland: How the Arts are Helping to Revitalize Rust Belt Cities, by Gregory M. Sadlek and Joan Chase -- 7 - How Energy Policy Enabled the Decline of Midwestern Cities, and How It Can Contribute to Their Rehabilitation, by Andrew R. Thomas -- 8 - Entrepreneurial Initiatives in Chinese Markets: Why They Are Important and What Firms Need to Know, by Chieh-Chen Bowen -- 9 - Barriers and Opportunities for Entrepreneurship in Older Industrial Regions, by Ziona Austrian and Merissa C. Piazza -- 10 - Resaons for Misgivings about Local Economic Development Initiatives, by William M. Bowen and Chang-Shik Song -- 11 - Lost a Step: The Great Lakes Region and Entrepreneurship, by David R. Elkins -- Authors -- Index -- About the Institute.

This book discusses whether and to what extent there are widespread injustices and inequities caused by the distribution of environmental hazards in America today.

AbstractThis article examines variation in local‐level energy‐efficiency grants and corresponding initiatives from the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) in the United States. The analysis is based upon a hurdle model of counts of energy‐efficiency grants received by 348 local governments that received these grants from 2009 to 2013, as well as 348 matched local governments that did not receive such funds. City‐level characteristics including amount of federal financial support, per capita income, signaling of preferences for sustainability policies, manufacturing, and political influences are shown to be empirically important determinants of variation in local energy‐efficiency initiatives. The evidence suggests that all else held equal, the $21.8 billion in ARRA funds expended with the intent of increasing local energy‐efficiency programs and policies successfully led to this end.

AbstractIncreases in regional spending for higher education are conventionally believed to cause increases in economic performance. However, while some empirical evidence directly or indirectly confirms this belief, some research also brings it into question and even contradicts it. This research uses panel Granger causal models to consider not only the conventional belief but also the opposite possibility – that increases in economic performance cause increases in US state spending for higher education. It examines state spending for higher education in relation to educational attainment, per capita income and gross domestic product within the fifty states of the United States for the period 1989–2014. The results show that while increases in the share of a state's population with a bachelor degree Granger causes improved economic performance, in the short term of four years or less the direction of causality goes in the opposite direction from the one conventionally believed. Implications of this reverse causality are discussed from the policy perspective.

China has enjoyed spectacular economic growth over the past twenty years or so. However, Chinese regional economic development has relied on foreign direct investment, export-oriented industrialization, and other traditional growth models. While China can perhaps continue to rely on exports, cheap labor, and a huge domestic market for foreign investment for some time to come, sooner or later the question will arise; How long can China sustain economic growth based on her current strategies?
We propose in this article the endogenous growth model as an alternative and long-term growth strategy, and focus largely on its treatment of knowledge as an independent factor of production in Chinese regional economies. This article thus proposes a new institutional framework defined as a trilateral commission. The commissions are designed to advise and enhance communication between local and regional government leaders and administrators on knowledge-based collaboration and coordination among business, government, and the research community, as well as on the issue of knowledge generation and utilization.

This article provides a short history of the environmental justice movement in the United States and discusses four dominant problems in environmental justice discourse. It also will discuss three other aspects of the environmental discourse: weak empirical research; the failure to recognize the distinction between hazard and risk; and the possibility that environmental justice is more about fear, blame, procedural inclusion, and power politics than it is about public health in minority and low–income communities. More rational mechanisms for managing the issue would better serve the ideal of democracy, giving society a better chance of solving public health problems in minority and low–income communities.

Comments are offered on Liam Downey's "Environmental Injustice: Is Race or Income a Better Predictor?" (1998). Agreement is expressed with Downey's points about the use of case studies & common definitions in scientific research & the difficulty of researching such a politically charged issue is acknowledged. However, Downey's use of proximity rather than risk to evaluate environmental hazards is criticized, particularly for ignoring key issues in spatial analysis. Downey's findings lend no support to the notion of environmental or institutional racism. Downey offers a Response to Comments by William M. Bowen and Kingsley E. Haynes, & Bowen & Haynes reply in The Debate over Environmental Justice. 11 References. K. Hyatt Stewart