Suchergebnisse

UIDB/04209/2020 UIDP/04209/2020 ; Over the last decades, technological innovation became the new mantra in the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy arena of the most different countries, including the world peripheries. By adopting a historical and global perspective, we identify in this article a scope of isomorphic pressures in the core elements of the policy process, which became increasingly evident, aligned with neoliberalism and the ideals of rationalization and bureaucratization: discursive and argumentative rationalities, primary goals definition, policy mechanisms, and legislation – all elements central to policy formulation and very similar across countries, independently of some degree of variation within national contexts. Therefore, one can observe that the reforms held in the STI policy arena of different Latin America and Iberian countries, to create an 'innovation culture' of entrepreneurship, are based on very similar discourses and incentives. In this piece, we conduct a conceptual discussion on the politics of STI given the realities and historical backgrounds of some peripheral countries – mainly Latin American ones, highlighting the relations between interests and their respective agency within STI's complex policy process. ; publishersversion ; published

UID/HIS/04209/2019 DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0003 ; From the 1970s onwards, changes in economic theory began to draw attention to the relationship between economic growth and technological innovation. Technological innovation has come to be considered fundamental to boosting international trade, increasing productivity and generating more and better jobs, among other benefits. However, more recent academic narratives began to change through considering the importance of technological innovation for social purposes such as social inclusion and sustainable development. This recovered the concept of social innovation and alongside the development of a plethora of alternative innovation concepts – such as sustainable innovation, open innovation, responsible innovation, green innovation, among other "x-innovation" concepts (Gaglio et al. 2017). Nevertheless, little is known about the extent to which these counterhegemonic concepts emerge and feature in Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy discourses. In this sense, this article aims to understand the use of "x-innovation" concepts and the role attributed to innovation for (allegedly) counterhegemonic purposes in the STI national policies of Iberoamerican countries within the framework of disclosing the specificity of this discourse. ; publishersversion ; published

From the 1970s onwards, changes in economic theory began to draw attention to the relationship between economic growth and technological innovation. Technological innovation has come to be considered fundamental to boosting international trade, increasing productivity and generating more and better jobs, among other benefits. However, more recent academic narratives began to change through considering the importance of technological innovation for social purposes such as social inclusion and sustainable development. This recovered the concept of social innovation and alongside the development of a plethora of alternative innovation concepts - such as sustainable innovation, open innovation, responsible innovation, green innovation, among other "x-innovation" concepts (Gaglio et al. 2017). Nevertheless, little is known about the extent to which these counterhegemonic concepts emerge and feature in Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy discourses. In this sense, this article aims to understand the use of "x-innovation" concepts and the role attributed to innovation for (allegedly) counterhegemonic purposes in the STI national policies of Iberoamerican countries within the framework of disclosing the specificity of this discourse.

É relativamente frequente no domínio das ciências sociais, salientando a historiografia e a história da ciência em particular, reconhecer o lugar da institucionalização e profissionalização da ciência moderna na evolução e desenvolvimento do conhecimento, das ciências e das técnicas na época contemporânea. Não são, todavia, suficientemente entendidas as diferenças entre as várias agências de Ciência (e Tecnologia), o seu perfil e a sua missão, nomeadamente tendo presentes as diferentes conjunturas históricas em que são criadas, reformadas e/ou recriadas, constituindo-se diferentes modelos com implicações históricas nos próprios pressupostos das políticas científicas nacionais. Procura-se aqui então compreender, comparar e diferenciar as experiências nacionais de alguns países europeus e dos Estados Unidos, captando semelhanças e diferenças e a troca de influências e intercâmbios entre algumas entidades congéneres promotoras de políticas científicas nacionais, desde a primeira metade do século XX e, em particular, a partir do período entre-guerras.

Abstract
It is relatively frequent within the social sciences, particularly the history of science, to recognize, with more or less focus, the role of institutionalization and professionalization processes in the development of science and technology. Differences between various scientific institutions are not yet sufficiently understood, including their profiles and the different historical contexts in which they have been created, reformed and/or recreated, which makes up different models and historical implications as regards the assumptions of national science policies. By studying comparative work in the history of the Portuguese science policy process the main purpose of this article is to understand, compare and differentiate the relevant national experiences related to different national science policies agencies, mainly across Europa and North America, during the twentieth century, but with particular focus on the inter-war period and afterwards.

The Arquivo de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Ministry of Education and Science) and the Arquivo Camões – Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Portugal), contain in the set of document collections they have at their guard a core part of the history of the organization of science and also of the constitution of the scientific system in Portugal from a period dating back to its beginning in the early twentieth century, including in particular: the processes of thousands of scientists who were a part of it; the institutional and scientific memory of research spaces; the proposals and projects of scientific ideas; discussions and reflections on the scientific guidelines and policies of the central government and their materialization; the expression of scientific external relations. This article characterizes the current document collections of both archives for the relevance they hold not just for the institutional history of science but for the whole field of history of science and science policy in Portugal in the modern period; it does so by describing and contextualizing the history of the constitution of the Portuguese scientific system that gave origin to this invaluable documentary legacy. Both archives have been the subject of a successful preservation and organization effort, combined with a strategy to promote their heritage and related history, benefiting from inter-institutional collaboration, particularly between the entities responsible for keeping the collections and the scientific community. ; El Arquivo de Ciência e Tecnologia da Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia) y el Arquivo Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Portugal), contienen en el conjunto de los fondos documentales que custodian una parte esencial de la historia de la organización de la ciencia y también de la constitución del sistema científico en Portugal desde un período que se remonta a sus inicios a principios del siglo XX, incluyendo en particular los procesos de miles de científicos que formaron parte de él; la memoria institucional y científica de los espacios de investigación; las propuestas y proyectos de ideas científicas; las discusiones y reflexiones sobre las directrices y políticas científicas del gobierno central y su materialización; la expresión de las relaciones científicas externas. Este artículo caracteriza los actuales fondos documentales de ambos archivos por la relevancia que tienen no sólo para la historia institucional de la ciencia, sino para todo el campo de la historia de la ciencia y de la política científica en Portugal en la época moderna; lo hace describiendo y contextualizando la historia de la constitución del sistema científico portugués que dio origen a este inestimable legado documental. Ambos archivos han sido objeto de un exitoso esfuerzo de conservación y organización, combinado con una estrategia de promoción de su patrimonio y de la historia relacionada, beneficiándose de la colaboración interinstitucional, especialmente entre las entidades responsables de la conservación de los fondos y la comunidad científica.

El presente libro aporta al campo de los estudios sociales de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación, mediante el análisis comparado de los Planes de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (PCTI), tratando de superar el enfoque dominante que privilegia los casos nacionales independientes que ha limitado el debate académico. Considera tanto estudios sobre las dinámicas de su institucionalización, el papel de los diversos actores, las contribuciones del campo a la concepción de las políticas y los desafíos que se presentan a las PCTI para responder a los imperativos de democratización, inclusión y sustentabilidad.