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Seasickness and its triggers, symptoms, and preventive measures were well known in antiquity. This chapter is based on an analysis of descriptions of motion sickness, in particular seasickness, in ancient Greek, Roman, and Chinese literature. A systematic search was made from the Greek period beginning with Homer in 800 BC to the late Roman period and ending with Aetios Amidenos in 600 AD, as well as in the Chinese medical classics dating from around 300 AD. Major aspects are the following: body movements caused by waves were identified in all cultures as the critical stimuli. The ancient Greeks and Romans knew that other illnesses and the mental state could precipitate seasickness and that experienced sailors were highly resistant to it (habituation). The Chinese observed that children were particularly susceptible to motion sickness; they first described the type of motion sickness induced by traveling in carts (cart-sickness) or being transported on a litter or in a sedan chair (litter-sickness). The western classics recommended therapeutic measures like fasting or specific diets, pleasant fragrancies, medicinal plants like white hellebore (containing various alkaloids), or a mixture of wine and wormwood. The East knew more unusual measures, such as drinking the urine of young boys, swallowing white sand-syrup, collecting water drops from a bamboo stick, or hiding earth from the kitchen hearth under the hair. The Greek view of the pathophysiology of seasickness was based on the humoral theory of Empedokles and Aristoteles and differed from the Chinese medicine of correspondences, which attributed malfunctions to certain body substances and the life force Qi. Many sources emphasized the impact of seasickness on military actions and famous naval battles such as the Battle of the Red Cliff, which marked the end of the Han dynasty in China, or the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English in 1588. A peculiar form of motion sickness is associated with Napoleon's camel corps during the Egyptian campaign of ...

Hauptbeschreibung: Das große Referenz- und Facharztbuch zur klinischen Neurologie liegt hiermit unter der Federführung der international renommierten Herausgeber und der Mitarbeit von über 140 Fachexperten als eine vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Neuauflage vor. Durch die thematische Neuausrichtung einzelner Beiträge, z. B. zur transienten globalen Amnesie oder zu Tropenkrankheiten, und acht zusätzliche Kapitel, nämlich zu Antikörper-assoziierten Enzephalopathien, mitochondrialen Erkrankungen, atypischem Gesichtsschmerz, craniomandibulärer Dysfunktion, Hypophysentumoren, Tic/Tourette u

Hauptbeschreibung: Das große Referenz- und Facharztbuch zur klinischen Neurologie liegt hiermit unter der Federführung der international renommierten Herausgeber und der Mitarbeit von über 140 Fachexperten als eine vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Neuauflage vor. Durch die thematische Neuausrichtung einzelner Beiträge, z. B. zur transienten globalen Amnesie oder zu Tropenkrankheiten, und acht zusätzliche Kapitel, nämlich zu Antikörper-assoziierten Enzephalopathien, mitochondrialen Erkrankungen, atypischem Gesichtsschmerz, craniomandibulärer Dysfunktion, Hypophysentumoren, Tic/Tourette u

Hauptbeschreibung: Das große Referenz- und Facharztbuch zur klinischen Neurologie liegt hiermit unter der Federführung der international renommierten Herausgeber und der Mitarbeit von über 140 Fachexperten als eine vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Neuauflage vor. Durch die thematische Neuausrichtung einzelner Beiträge, z. B. zur transienten globalen Amnesie oder zu Tropenkrankheiten, und acht zusätzliche Kapitel, nämlich zu Antikörper-assoziierten Enzephalopathien, mitochondrialen Erkrankungen, atypischem Gesichtsschmerz, craniomandibulärer Dysfunktion, Hypophysentumoren, Tic/Tourette u

The student revolts of 1968 in the Nordic countries were peaceful in comparison with what happened in places like Berlin, Par is or Rome. Students in the Nordic countries also protested and revolted against the authoritarian traditions of higher education, but only rarely did they take to the streets like their German and French counterparts. As this chapter argues, the relative peacefulness of the Nordic 1968 must be understood within a wider political context. The growth within higher education went hand in hand with the development of the welfare state. Students' demands for reform converged with university policy development, especially in terms of democratization in higher education. Still, by drawing on examples from Copenhagen, Oslo, Reykjavik and Trondheim, the chapter shows that there were many tensions and paradoxes related to the various ways these peaceful revolts were played out in the Nordic countries. A long - term effect of the student movement of the 1960s was, ironically, that it helped pave the way for the 'freedom revolution' of the 1980s and 1990s. ; acceptedVersion