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ABSTRACTElectrifying transit bus networks (TBNs) has recently become a challenging problem that many public transport operators around the world are facing. Due to the limited driving range of electric buses, electric TBNs are more sensitive to operational delays and uncertainties. Moreover, the impact on sustainability is most profound when the buses are powered by renewable energy resources, which are often subject to intermittency and uncertainty. In this work, we tackle the complicated problem of planning charging schedules amid these various sources of uncertainty. We develop a real‐time decision support system that uses real‐time data, predictions, and mathematical optimization to update the charging schedules and mitigate the impact of operational uncertainties. Our results show that the online strategy can maintain higher reliability and renewable energy utilization levels compared to other charging strategies. The study has been carried out in cooperation with the public transport operator in Rotterdam in the Netherlands to assist them in their TBN transition process.

In 2016, the Dutch government, in pursuit of the UN's sustainable development goals, set a target that all its diesel transit bus networks should be fully electrified between 2025 and 2030. A research team from Rotterdam School of Management has since worked in close collaboration with Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram, the public transport operator in the city of Rotterdam, to accomplish this complex transition. This paper presents essential lessons learned and key practical implications derived from the project. As part of the transition process, we developed a discrete-event simulation model that can simulate the network using different settings and under uncertainty. We also formulated a mixed-integer linear programming problem to optimize the charging schedule. To mitigate the critical impact of uncertainty regarding traffic delays and energy consumption on the electrified transit bus network operation, we developed a real-time decision support system that adjusts and reoptimizes the charging schedule during the day according to the realizations of this uncertainty. We use this system to achieve better coordination between the charging schedule of the electric buses and electricity generation from renewable energy sources with the latter involving high levels of uncertainty. Our study shows the benefits of real-time optimization compared with off-line planning and other greedy strategies. We also show that even highly conservative off-line planning might not be sufficient to maintain reliability levels under extreme operational uncertainty conditions. Additionally, our results and insights have substantially contributed to the success of the first phase of the project, which involved electrifying seven essential bus lines in the city, in realizing a robust and reliable operational plan. Finally, our study shows the potential substantial positive impact of installing renewable energy generators and coordinating the electric buses' charging schedule with their output power profile. Based on our recommendations, RET developed a real-time monitoring system and is working on incorporating our charging schedule optimizer into its planning process.

In den untersuchten europäischen und deutschen Regionen werden weitgehend gleiche Ziele zur positiven Beeinflussung der räumlichen und strukturell relevanten Entwicklungen verfolgt. Um für deutsche Regionen nutzbringende Erkenntnisse aus den internationalen Fallstudien abzuleiten, werden wesentliche Elemente aus den zentralen Feldern Organisation, Planart, Prozesse, Planinhalte und Umsetzung miteinander verglichen. Eine schematische Darstellung zeigt – für eine leichtere Gesamtbetrachtung der untersuchten Fallstudien – die Kernpunkte neuer Instrumente, Methoden und Verfahren für eine neuartige Strategische Regionalplanung auf, die sich auch für eine Fortentwicklung der klassischen Regionalplanung in den deutschen Regionen anbieten.

Teil III beschreibt die Funktionsweise der Strategischen Regionalplanung mit einer Fokussierung auf die einzelnen Prozesse und Produkte. Dabei werden zur Verdeutlichung ausgewählte Beispiele aus Deutschland und Europa herangezogen. Auf der Basis des Verständnisses von Funktionen, Prozessen und Produkten der Strategischen Regionalplanung erfolgt sodann die Benennung der einzelnen Elemente als Bestandteileeines Baukastens, der so verstanden werden will, dass er eine Strategische Regionalplanung in idealtypischer Form aufzeigt, aber gleichzeitig den Regionen erlaubt, sich nach eigenen Kriterien und eigenem Verständnis einzuordnen und nach sinnvollen nächsten Schritten auf dem Weg zu einer Strategischen Regionalplanung als Motor zu einer effektiven regionalen Entwicklungsperspektive zu suchen. Außerdem wird der Mehrwert gegenüber der klassischen Regionalplanung beschrieben.