Suchergebnisse

In order to successfully fulfil the demands of politics and the citizenry, the public administration is undergoing a continuous modernization process. The instruments of the new management are intended to activate the human creativity and productivity potentials in order to provide more customer-oriented administrative services, of high quality and more cost efficiently. In the meantime, the functional potential of the e‑government is driving the modernization of administration further forward. A legal foundation is the Online Access Act, which obliges public authorities to provide their administrative services via digital portals. In the course of the digital transformation, knowledge-based and think-based tasks previously reserved for humans are increasingly being transferred to information machines. In order to avoid that the reaction to unsatisfactory working conditions paralyses the modernization process in the public administration, preventive measures are recommended. Prevention covers not only the use of work equipment but above all the organization of work and the division of functions between man and machine. This article presents selected fields of action that are oriented towards a culture of prevention. It shows that digital transformation requires an upgrading of those human performances that machines are not able to provide. This includes, above all, the balancing ability of healthy people to promote social coherence. Coherence represents an ordering pattern for complex sociotechnical working systems that evade the rules of the rational planning paradigm.

ZusammenfassungUm die Ansprüche von Politik und Bürgerschaft bestmöglich zu erfüllen, vollzieht die öffentliche Verwaltung einen anhaltenden Modernisierungsprozess. Die Steuerungsinstrumente des "Neuen Managements" sollen beitragen, menschliche Kreativitäts- und Produktivitätspotenziale zu aktivieren, um Verwaltungsleistungen kundenorientierter, qualitätsvoller und kosteneffizienter zu erbringen. Mittlerweile treiben die Funktionspotenziale des "E-Governments" die Verwaltungsmodernisierung weiter voran. Eine rechtliche Grundlage bildet das Onlinezugangsgesetz. Es verpflichtet die Behörden, ihre Verwaltungsleistungen auch mittels digitaler Verwaltungsportale anzubieten. Im Zuge der digitalen Transformation werden in zunehmendem Maße bislang dem Menschen vorbehaltene wissens- und denkgestützte Aufgaben auf Informationsmaschinen übertragen. Um zu vermeiden, dass die Reaktion auf unbefriedigende Arbeitsbedingungen den Modernisierungsprozess in der öffentlichen Verwaltung lähmt, sind präventive Maßnahmen geboten. Diese erstrecken sich nicht nur auf den Einsatz von Arbeitsmitteln, sondern vor allem auf die Organisation der Arbeit sowie auf die Funktionsteilung von Mensch und Maschine. Der Beitrag stellt ausgewählte Handlungsfelder vor, die sich an einer "Kultur der Prävention" orientieren. Er zeigt auf, dass die digitale Transformation eine Aufwertung derjenigen menschlichen Leistungsbeiträge erfordert, die Maschinen nicht zu erbringen vermögen. Hierzu gehört vor allem die Ausgleichsfähigkeit des gesunden Menschen zur Förderung der sozialen Kohärenz. Kohärenz stellt hier ein Ordnungsmuster für komplexe soziotechnische Arbeitssysteme dar, die sich den Regeln des rationalen Planungsparadigmas entziehen.

In the following decades there will be a fundamental structural change in the European power supply system. This structural change is forced by several factors, e.g. the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme, the strategic goal for the European Union of a more sustainable development, energy policy targets to double the share of renewable ener-gies, the phase out or moratoria of the nuclear industry in some European Union member states, and the need of more than 200 GW of new power plant capacities in EU-15. The struc-tural change has to be embedded into an economic, social and ecological framework. Within this framework, there is a variety of possible options to create a future power supply which fulfils the multiple criteria. Generally, different technologies can be chosen which all have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is a challenging decision-making process because fossil-fired power plants tend to be economically advantageous and ecologically disadvanta-geous whereas renewable energy systems tend to be ecologically advantageous and economi-cally disadvantageous. This study gives a comparison of the estimated external costs (environmental aspects) and internal costs (economic aspects) of different power generation technologies in the year 2010 in order to support the decision-making process of future power plant investments in the framework of a sustainable development. A life cycle analysis gives considerable life cycle data for photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, fuel cells, bio-fuelled combined heat and power plants, biomass, water, solar thermal, geothermal, coal-fired, lignite-fired and natural gas-fired power plants as well as nuclear power plants. This database is used for the estimation of external costs which is based on updated factors of damage and avoidance costs for selected emissions. The damage factors are calculated with the software tool EcoSense following the impact pathway approach. Global warming and discounting are considered to be the hot spots in the external costs discussion. An avoidance costs approach is applied which is assumed to fulfil sustainability criteria. The comparison of the external costs of the technologies analysed shows that external costs of power generation technologies using renewable energies and nuclear power plants are in the range of 0.03-3.79 €-Cent/kWhel whereas the external costs of power generation technologies using organic fossil fuels are in the range of 3.37-27.98 €-Cent/kWhel. However, the comparison of the internal costs shows that fossil-fuelled power plants have the lowest internal costs compared to the other technologies analysed. This trade-off between external and internal costs requires a comparison of the social costs which are the sum of internal and external costs. The comparison of the social costs shows five social cost clusters for the ana-lysed technologies for the year 2010. Nuclear power plants have social costs of less than 10 €-Cent/kWhel. Wind turbines and river power plants have slightly higher social costs of 10-15 €-Cent/kWhel. Biomass power plants, bio-fuelled combined heat and power plants, solar ther-mal power plants, geothermal power plants and natural gas-fired power plants have social costs in the range of 15-20 €-Cent/kWhel. Photovoltaic systems in Spain, fuel cells, coal-fired power plants and lignite-fired power plants have social costs in the range of 20-35 €-Cent/kWhel. The highest social costs are caused by Photovoltaic systems in Germany with more than 35 €-Cent/kWhel.