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Abstract
This article provides an overview of some prominent aspects of intellectual history as practiced today in Latin America, especially regarding conceptual history. It delves into the way this methodology arrived to the region not long ago and discusses the way some of its practitioners combine it with the history of political languages, often ignoring the profound differences between both approaches. Therefore, the text stresses some of the most significant contrasts between them. In its last part, the article is critical of the purported "globality" of global intellectual history, an issue that is inextricably linked with the pervasive use of the English language in the field. Throughout, the text poses several of the challenges that lie ahead for intellectual history in Latin America.

Este artículo muestra, en su primera mitad, algunas de las ambigüedades e inconsistencias más importantes del pensamiento político de Rousseau. En la segunda, revisa la historiografía que se ha ocupado de la supuesta influencia de este pensamiento sobre algunos de los protagonistas de los movimientos hispanoamericanos de independencia. La conclusión del artículo es que dicha «influencia» es mucho menor de lo que varios historiadores han afirmado. ; This article shows, on its first half, some of the more important ambiguities and inconsistencies of the political thought of Rousseau. In its second half, it reviews the historiography that has dealt with the purported «influence» of this thought over some of the protagonists of the Spanish American independence movements. The conclusion of the article is that this «influence» is much less than what several historians have asserted.

This historiographic essay gives an overview on the Age of Revolution in the American continent (1775-1825). The four processes here considered are the independence of the Thirteen Colonies, the Haitian Revolution, the independence movements in Spanish America and the political process that ended up in the independence of Brazil. Throughout the text, butmainly in the first section, the author debates with some of the interpretations that exist nowadays on these four movements,establishes some comparisons among them and, in the third and last section, questions the causality and connectivity that certain historiography, atlantic and global, has been positing during approximately the last fi?een years (mainly from universities in England and the United States). ; Este ensayo historiográfico proporciona una visión panorámica sobre la Era de las revoluciones en el continente americano (1775-1825). Los cuatro procesos considerados aquí son la revolución de independencia de las Trece Colonias, la Revolución Haitiana, los movimientos independentistas hispanoamericanos y el proceso político que desembocó en la independencia brasileña. A lo largo del texto, pero sobre todo en el primer apartado, el autor debate con algunas de las interpretaciones que existen actualmente sobre estos cuatro movimientos, establece algunas comparaciones entre ellos y, en el apartado tercero y final, cuestiona la causalidad y la conectividad que cierta historiografía, atlántica y global, plantea a menudo desde hace unos tres lustros (sobre todo desde universidades inglesas y estadunidenses).

This article shows, on its first half, some of the more important ambiguities and inconsistencies of the political thought of Rousseau. In its second half, it reviews the historiography that has dealt with the purported «influence» of this thought over some of the protagonists of the Spanish American independence movements. The conclusion of the article is that this «influence» is much less than what several historians have asserted. ; Este artículo muestra, en su primera mitad, algunas de las ambigüedades e inconsistencias más importantes del pensamiento político de Rousseau. En la segunda, revisa la historiografía que se ocupado de la supuesta influencia de este pensamiento sobre algunos de los protagonistas de los movimientos hispanoamericanos de independencia. La conclusión del artículo es que dicha «influencia» es mucho menor de lo que varios historiadores han afirmado.

"In March 1812, while Napoleon's brother Joseph sat on the throne of Spain and the armies of France occupied much of the country, legislators elected from Spain and its overseas territories met in the Andalusian city of Cádiz. There, as the cornerstone of a government in exile, they drafted and adopted the first liberal constitution in the Hispanic world, a document that became known as the Cádiz Constitution of 1812. The 1812 Constitution was extremely influential in and beyond Europe, and this collection of essays explores how its enduring legacy not only shaped the history of state-building, elections, and municipal governance in Iberian America, but also affected national identities and citizenship as well as the development of race and gender in the region. A bold blueprint for governing a global, heterogeneous monarchy, the Constitution represented a rupture with Spain's Antiguo Regimen (Old Regime) in numerous ways-in the limits it placed on the previously autocratic Bourbon monarchs, in the admission to its governing bodies of deputies from Spain's American viceroyalties as equals, and in its framers' vociferous debate over the status of castas (those of mixed ancestry) and slaves. The Rise of Constitutional Government in the Iberian Atlantic World covers these issues and adopts a transatlantic perspective that recovers the voices of those who created a vibrant political culture accessible to commoners and elite alike. The bicentenary of the Constitution of 1812 offered scholars an excellent moment to reexamine the form and role of constitutions across the Spanish-speaking world. Constitutionalism remains a topic of intense debate in Latin America, while contemporary Spain itself continues to seek ways to balance a strong central government with centripetal forces in its regions, notably the Basque and Catalan provinces. The multifaceted essays compiled here by Scott Eastman and Natalia Sobrevilla Perea both shed new light on the early, liberal Hispanic societies and show how the legacies of those societies shape modern Spain and Latin America"--