Suchergebnisse

Srpska demokratska stranka (akr. SDS) bila je radikalna, etnonacionalistička stranka srpskoga puka koja je osnovana 17. veljače 1990. na platou ispred Željezničkoga kolodvora u Kninu, a 6. ožujka 1990. upisana je u Registar društvenih organizacija SR Hrvatske. Osnivačkoj skupštini nazočilo je sedam tisuća građana srpske nacionalnosti koji su aklamacijom podržali pročitani programski dokument. SDS osnovao je akademik Jovan Rašković, šibenski psihijatar, pod "dirigentskom palicom" srbijanske Službe državne bezbednosti (akr. SDB), na čijem se čelu u to vrijeme nalazio haški optuženik Jovica Stanišić, vjerni Miloševićev sljedbenik. SDS je imao vodeću političku ulogu u ratnim događanjima u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini. Njezini su članovi organizirali naoružavanje Srba, podržavali ubijanje, protjerivanje i druge ratne zločine protiv pripadnika nesrpskoga puka na području Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Općinski je odbor SDS-a za Općinu Podravska Slatina na čelu s Milunom Karadžićem na području Općine Podravska Slatina organizirao naoružavanje srpskoga puka, iskazao građanski neposluh i blokirao rad Općinske skupštine Podravska Slatina. Nakon SDS-ove blokade rada Izvršnoga vijeća Općinske skupštine Podravska Slatina reagirao je ministar pravosuđa i uprave Branko Babac. On je 24. srpnja 1991. donio Naredbu o poduzimanju posebnih mjera u općini Podravska Slatina kojom je raspuštena Skupština Općine Podravska Slatina, a istovremeno je imenovao povjerenika Vlade Republike Hrvatske. ; The Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) was a radical ethnic-nationalist Serbian party, founded on the platform in front of the railway station in Knin on February 17, 1990 and registered in the Register of Social Organizations of the Socialist Republic of Croatia on March 6, 1990. The Founding Assembly was attended by seven thousand citizens of Serbian nationality, who gave their support to the program document by acclamation. Academician Jovan Raskovic, a psychiatrist from Sibenik, founded SDS under control of the Serbian State Security Sevice ("SDB"), at that time led by the Hague indictee Jovica Stanisic, a faithful Milosevic follower. SDS had a leading political role in war events in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its members organized the arming of Serbs, supported killing, expelling and other war crimes against non-Serbs in the territory of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. SDS Municipal Committee for the Municipality of Podravska Slatina headed by Milun Karadic organized the arming of Serbs in the area of the Municipality of Podravska Slatina, expressed civil disobedience and blocked the functioning of the Municipal Assembly of Podravska Slatina. After SDS had blocked the function of the Executive Council of the Municipal Assembly of Podravska Slatina, a reaction came from the Justice and Administration Minister Branko Babac. On July 24, 1991 he issued the Order to take special measures in the Municipality of Podravska Slatina, whereupon the Assembly of the Municipality of Podravska Slatina was dissolved and a Commissioner of the Croatian Government was appointed at the same time.

In the period from 1990-19995 the members of the Serb Democratic Party of Slavonia on the territory of the Republic of Croatia had stimulated Serbian people to implement civil disobedience towards the legally elected authorities of the Republic of Croatia; to show national intolerance against Croats and other non-Serb persons. In co-operation with the YNA, they provided arms supply and organized armed rebellion of the Serbian people. The main goal was to disconnect the state territory of the Republic of Croatia, where the RSK was stretching, and to integrate the same into the integral concept of the common state of the Serb people, into Greater Serbia. There is an indisputable fact that the domicile Serb extremists and terrorists, "Šešelj's men", "Arkan's men", the "White Eagles", the YNA and other armed rebels and war criminals had committed a criminal offence against humanity, international humanitarian law and criminal offence against the Republic of Croatia, according to the then applicable legislation: the Criminal Code of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, according to the Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, according to the General Criminal Code of the Republic of Croatia. In the course of war the actors of armed rebellion did not respect the provisions of the international humanitarian law, in particular the provisions and the protocols of the Geneva Conventions. In addition, their aggression continued to be contrary to the positive legislation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and of the Socialist Republic of Croatia and it went on even after the international recognition of the Republic of Croatia. In addition to the war criminals who have been extradited to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Hague, Netherlands, a significant number of perpetrators of various war crime offences in the Republic of Croatia have been tried and sentence in absentia. The largest number of war crime perpetrators is located on the territory of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a certain number of them has fled to the countries of the European Union as well as to the overseas countries (the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia). The war criminals from Slatina area escaped mostly to the Republic of Serbia, where they all where they all acquired citizenship, and a smaller number of them fled to the Republic Srpska or to third countries. A very small number of these war criminals has been accused of the crimes committed and there is very little chance that they will be extradited to the judiciary of the Republic of Croatia and legally convicted. This perception is the reality that has been lived by the victims to the Greater-Serbian violence and by the families of the dead Croatian soldiers and of dead persons of other nationalities in this area every day. ; Bivša Općina Podravska Slatina prostirala se na 781 km², a sastojala se od šezdeset i devet naselja. Njezinim nizinskim dijelom prolaze dvije značajne komunikacije, podravska željeznička magistrala i podravska cestovna magistrala, koje su bile od vitalnoga značaja tijekom trajanja Domovinskoga rata, naročito za vrijeme agresorske blokade autoceste Zagreb – Beograd kod Okučana. Područje nekadašnje Općine Podravska Slatina zemljopisno se dijeli na dva dijela: brdski dio, tzv. Brđansku, i nizinski dio, tzv. Podravinu. U Brđanskoj pretežito su živjeli pripadnici srpskoga puka, a u Podravini dominantno su bili zastupljeni Hrvati. U bivšoj Općini Podravska Slatina, prema popisu pučanstva iz 1991. godine, živjelo je 15 445 pučana, od toga broja 9 219 (59,6%) bili su Hrvati, 4 948 (32%) Srbi i 1 278 (8,3%) ostali. Srbi su bili dominantni u Brđanskoj, gdje je živjelo 3 262 pripadnika srpske nacionalnosti, 668 Hrvata i 222 ostala građanina (Hrženjak, 1993: 363-375). Ovaj je zemljopisni lokalitet predstavljao rubno područje tzv. Velike Srbije. Naime, on graniči s virovitičkim područjem, gdje su srpski ekstremisti i separatisti zacrtali granicu na pravcu Virovitica – Karlovac – Karlobag.

The political context in which the Croatian Community of Herceg-Bosna came to be was defined by two political moments – an expressed desire of the Serbian people to join Great Serbia on the one hand and the Muslim (Bosnian) attempt to create a concept of a unified BiH where an ethnic-territorial Bosnian majority would be present on the other. In such circumstances, the official policy of the Republic of Croatia, especially the one by the first president dr. Franjo Tuđman, was unfoundedly prescribed by the Great Serbia policy and Bosnian fundamentalism with a basic thesis that he, along with Milošević, "divided" Bosnia and Herzegovina on meetings in Karađorđevo and Tikveš. However, that thesis is rebuttable on two bases. Firstly, the carriers for the idea of Great Serbia with Milošević were "armed to the neck" by the military arsenal of the JNA. Secondly, the democratic rule in Croatia with Tuđman at its forefront was very poorly armed, forced to buy very expensive weaponry on the "black market": According to this, Milošević needed no military-political agreement on BiH. At that time, the fall of Vukovar and the occupation of one third of the national territory of Croatia point to the fact that there is no basis for the thesis on the "division" of BiH between Tuđman and Milošević. ; Politički kontekst u kojem je nastala Hrvatska zajednica Herceg-Bosna bio je definiran dvama političkim momentima, izrazitom željom srpskog pučanstva da se priključi Velikoj Srbiji, a na drugoj strani muslimanskim (bošnjačkim) nastojanjem stvaranja koncepta unitarne BiH, gdje bi bila prisutna etničko-teritorijalna bošnjačka majorizacija. U takvim okolnostima oficijelna politika Republike Hrvatske, naročito njezinog prvog predsjednika dr. Franje Tuđmana bila je neosnovano proskribirana od strane velikosrpske politike i bošnjačkog fundamentalizma s osnovnom tezom da je on s Miloševićem na sastancima u Karađorđevu i Tikvešu "dijelio" Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Međutim, ta teza je oborivog karaktera po dvije osnove, prvo, nositelji velikosrpske ideje s Miloševićem bili su "do zuba" naoružani vojnim arsenalom JNA, a na drugoj strani demokratska hrvatska vlast s Tuđmanom na čelu bila je vrlo slabo naoružana, prisiljena kupovati vrlo skupo oružje na "crnom tržištu". Prema tome, Miloševiću nije trebao nikakav vojno-politički dogovor oko zauzimanja BiH. U to vrijeme pad Vukovara i okupacija jedne trećine hrvatskog državnog teritorija nedvojbeno ukazuju da nema nikakve utemeljenosti tezi o međusobnoj "podjeli" BiH između Tuđmana i Miloševića. Glede boljeg poimanja ustavnopravnih aspekata Hrvatske zajednice Herceg-Bosna, odnosno njezinog nastanka, egzistiranja i prestanka postojanja u ovome radu bit će prikazana pravna analiza i prikaz sadržaja knjige ustavnog sudca dr. sc. Mate Arlovića Hrvatska zajednica Herceg-Bosna i (pre)ustroj Bosne i Hercegovine.

From its foundation until its end, the Republic of Serbian Krajina
(the RSK) had been a parastate, remaining the parastate, having
failed to meet any criteria of a normally functioning state, as prescribed by Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of
States, known as Montevideo Convention. Therefore, the RSK has
never become the subject of international law, unlike the Republic of Srpska, upon signing The General Framework for Peace
in Bosnia and Herzegovina or the Dayton Peace Agreement. The
Republic of Serbian Krajina was a federative parastate, defined by
the territorial discontinuity and it consisted of three federative units:
the Serbian Region of Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium
Region, the Serbian Region of Western Slavonia and the Serbian
Autonomous Region of Krajina. In the formal and legal sense, the
Republic of Serbian Krajina was established after it got proclaimed on 19th December 1991. However, it fell apart, de facto, on
5th August 1995, due to the fact that its capital city of Knin, was
liberated by the joined police and Croatian military forces, compelling the RSK representatives to sign the capitulation, de iure, on
8th August 1995.
Keywords: state; parastate; nation; territory; government; a subject of the international law.

U ovom se članku govori o političkome kontekstu i pravnome okviru za uspostavu suvereniteta Republike Hrvatske te se ukazuje na legalnost vojno-redarstvenih akcija s obzirom na odredbe tuzemnoga i međunarodnoga prava. Riječ je i o političkome i pravnome okviru u kojemu su nastale srpske autonomne oblasti, odnosno paradržavna tvorevina Republika Srpska Krajina na državnome teritoriju Republike Hrvatske. ; This paper speaks about political context and legal framework for establishing sovereignty of the Republic of Croatia. It points out legality of military-police actions with regard to provisions of domestic and international law. The subject is also political and legal framework in which Serbian autonomous territories were established or parastate creation Republic of Serbian Krajina in the state territory of the Republic of Croatia.

In the beginning of the Homeland War, the fiercest battles took place in Osijek area. There was an intense war dynamics of Croatian armed forces against part of the rebel Serbs and the Yugoslav People's Army, resulting in the highest number of the military and civilian casualties. Due to the location of Osijek in Eastern Croatia, where Serbia borders the Republic of Croatia directly, the rebel Serbs and the Yugoslav People's Army had an unlimited logistic support. Furthermore, the national structure of the population in Eastern Croatia, where there were Serb enclaves (Tenja, Bobota, Vera, Pačetin, Trpinja, Bijelo Brdo and other villages), facilitated Greater Sebia aggression and hindered the defensive activities of the Croatian authorities. The city of Osijek was a headquarters city having contributed to the defense of Eastern Croatia. The city economy was functioning continously during the Homeland War, strongly supporting its defense, despite the numerouus war damages and demographic losses. ; Početkom Domovinskog rata na području Osijeka vodile su se najžešće borbe. Postojala je intenzivna ratna dinamika hrvatskih oružanih snaga protiv dijela pobunjenih Srba i Jugoslavenske narodne armije, što je rezultiralo najvećim brojem vojnih i civilnih žrtava. Zbog položaja Osijeka u istočnoj Hrvatskoj, gdje Srbija izravno graniči s Republikom Hrvatskom, pobunjeni Srbi i Jugoslavenska narodna armija imali su neograničenu logističku podršku. Nadalje, nacionalna struktura stanovništva u istočnoj Hrvatskoj, gdje su postojale srpske enklave (Tenja, Bobota, Vera, Pačetin, Trpinja, Bijelo Brdo i druga sela), olakšavala je velikosrpsku agresiju i ometala obrambene aktivnosti hrvatskih vlasti. Grad Osijek bio je stožerni grad koji je pridonio obrani istočne Hrvatske. Gradsko gospodarstvo kontinuirano je funkcioniralo tijekom Domovinskog rata, snažno podržavajući njegovu obranu, unatoč brojnim ratnim štetama i demografskim gubicima.

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was a federal state consisting of six socialist republics and two socialist autonomous provinces. The self-governing form of government that existed in the SFRY, was based on the leading role of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Applying the hierarchical principle of democratic centralism, the League governed the state, including all the social activities, and it organized the economic activity that was based on the collective. Thus, the main feature of this rule was the absolute state-party control. The public finances were created by applying a very high degree of ethatization as well as the planned economy. Due to these two postulates, the public needs were often financed by generating inflation, or by using gray money. The unemployment in the SFRY was a very big problem, which was never solved completely. ; Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija (SFRJ) bila je savezna država koja se sastojala od šest socijalističkih republika i dvije socijalističke autonomne pokrajine. Samoupravni oblik vlasti koji je postojao u SFRJ, temeljio se na vodećoj ulozi Saveza komunista Jugoslavije. Primjenjujući hijerarhijsko načelo demokratskog centralizma, Liga je upravljala državom, uključujući sve društvene aktivnosti i organizirala je gospodarsku aktivnost koja se temeljila na kolektivu. Dakle, glavna značajka ove vladavine bila je apsolutna kontrola države i stranke. Javne financije nastale su primjenom vrlo visokog stupnja etatizacije kao i planirane ekonomije. Zbog ova dva postulata, javne potrebe često su se financirale stvaranjem inflacije ili korištenjem sivog novca. Nezaposlenost u SFRJ bila je vrlo velik problem koji nikada nije u potpunosti riješen.