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In: Six sigma operational methods series
3C 84 (NGC 1275) is the radio source at the centre of the Perseus cluster and exhibits a bright radio jet. We observed the source with the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA) between 2008 and 2015, with a typical angular resolution of ∼50 μas. The observations revealed a consistent double nuclear structure separated by ∼770 gravitational radii assuming a black hole mass of 3.2 × 108 M⊙. The region is likely too broad and bright to be the true jet base anchored in the accretion disc or black hole ergosphere. A cone and parabola were fit to the stacked (time averaged) image of the nuclear region. The data did not strongly prefer either fit, but combined with a jet/counter-jet ratio analysis, an upper limit on the viewing angle to the inner jet region of ≤35° was found. This provides evidence for a variation of the viewing angle along the jet (and therefore a bent jet) within ∼0.5 pc of the jet launching region. In the case of a conical jet, the apex is located ∼2400 gravitational radii upstream of the bright nuclear region and up to ∼600 gravitational radii upstream in the parabolic case. We found a possible correlation between the brightness temperature and relative position angle of the double nuclear components, which may indicate rotation within the jet. © 2021 The Author(s). ; This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1A6A3A01086420). JAH was supported by Korea Research Fellowship Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (2018H1D3A1A02032824) and the research grant (2021R1C1C1009973). S-SL was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MIST) (2020R1A2C2009003). J-YK is supported for this research by the International Max-Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn and Cologne. This research was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Universities Space Research Association through a contract with NASA. RL acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant PID2019-108995GB-C21), the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía (grant P18-FR-1769), and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (grant 2019AEP112). GFP is supported for this research by the International Max-Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn and Cologne. ST and MK acknowledge support via NRF grant 2019R1F1A1059721. This research has made use of data obtained with the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA), which consists of telescopes operated by the MPIfR, IRAM, Onsala, Metsahovi, Yebes, the Korean VLBI Network, the Green Bank Observatory, and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The VLBA is an instrument of the NRAO, which is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The data were correlated at the correlator of the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy (MPIfR) in Bonn, Germany. This work made use of the Swinburne University of Technology software correlator, developed as part of the Australian Major National Research Facilities Programme and operated under licence. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed
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Please read abstract in the article. ; The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico–Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA–UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSWSLH057 QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the ...
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Stratification of women according to their risk of breast cancer based on polygenic risk scores (PRSs) could improve screening and prevention strategies. Our aim was to develop PRSs, optimized for prediction of estrogen receptor (ER)-specific disease, from the largest available genome-wide association dataset and to empirically validate the PRSs in prospective studies. The development dataset comprised 94,075 case subjects and 75,017 control subjects of European ancestry from 69 studies, divided into training and validation sets. Samples were genotyped using genome-wide arrays, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by stepwise regression or lasso penalized regression. The best performing PRSs were validated in an independent test set comprising 11,428 case subjects and 18,323 control subjects from 10 prospective studies and 190,040 women from UK Biobank (3,215 incident breast cancers). For the best PRSs (313 SNPs), the odds ratio for overall disease per 1 standard deviation in ten prospective studies was 1.61 (95%CI: 1.57-1.65) with area under receiver-operator curve (AUC) = 0.630 (95%CI: 0.628-0.651). The lifetime risk of overall breast cancer in the top centile of the PRSs was 32.6%. Compared with women in the middle quintile, those in the highest 1% of risk had 4.37- and 2.78-fold risks, and those in the lowest 1% of risk had 0.16- and 0.27-fold risks, of developing ER-positive and ER-negative disease, respectively. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that this PRS was well calibrated and predicts disease risk accurately in the tails of the distribution. This PRS is a powerful and reliable predictor of breast cancer risk that may improve breast cancer prevention programs. ; Novartis ; Eli Lilly and Company ; AstraZeneca ; AbbVie ; Pfizer UK ; Celgene ; Eisai ; Genentech ; Merck Sharp and Dohme ; Roche ; Cancer Research UK ; Government of Canada ; Array BioPharma ; Genome Canada ; National Institutes of Health ; European Commission ; Ministère de l'Économie, de l'Innovation et des Exportations du Québec ; Seventh Framework Programme ; Canadian Institutes of Health Research
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