Suchergebnisse

Introduction: the problem with obesity -- Defining obesity -- Obesity and human adaptation -- The distribution of risk -- Culture and body ideals -- Big-body symbolism, meanings, and norms -- Conclusion: the big picture

Sambia Sexual Culture: Essays from the Field. Gilbert Herdt. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1999. 327 pp.

Population Dynamics of. Philippine Rain Forest People: The San Ildefonso Agta. John D. Early and Thomas N. Headland. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998.208 pp.

Dealing with defecation -- Dirty things, disgusting people -- Dirty and disempowered -- Fat, bad, and everywhere -- The tyranny of weight judgment -- World war o -- Once crazy, always crazy -- The myth of the destigmatized society -- Completely depressing.

Even as obesity rates rise, weight‐related stigma remains widespread in the United States and leads to many documented social, economic, and health disparities. These include lower wages, less academic achievement, social exclusion as early as childhood, psychosocial stress, depression, and additional weight gain. Recent research documents the proliferation of antifat beliefs across the globe, but we know little about how this fat stigma varies across cultures. A clearer empirical and theoretical understanding of fat stigma in cultural context is essential to gauging its likely biocultural impacts across populations. Using data from Paraguay, Bolivia, India, and students and Muslim women in the United States (N = 414 women), we show that psychometric scales suggest high levels of stated or expressed fat stigma in all these samples, capturing globalizing anti‐fat norms. However, when we assess what people think implicitly through reaction‐time implicit association tests, we find marked variation across sites in the degree to which people are internalizing these stigmatized ideas around obesity. In India and among U.S. university students, women tend to internalize the idea of "fat" negatively. Paraguay women present, on average, fat‐neutral internalized views. In Bolivia and among Muslim women in the United States, average assessments suggest fat‐positive internalized views. This indicates fat stigmatizing norms are not always internalized, even as explicit fat stigma otherwise appears to be globalizing. Our findings indicate that the proposed biocultural relationships between fat stigma and health disparities may be complex and very context specific.

It remains unclear whether the frequency of marital coitus does in fact decline universally across the life course, what shape that decay normally takes, and what best accounts for it: increasing marriage duration, women's age or age of their partners. Using cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 91,744 non-abstaining women in their first marriage, a generalized linear model is used to determine if there is a consistent pattern in the life course pattern of degradation in the frequency of marital coitus. Datasets were drawn from nineteen countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Use of very large samples allows proper disentangling of the effects of women's age, husband's age and marital duration, and use of samples from multiple countries allows consideration of the influence of varied prevailing fertility regimes and fertility-related practices on life course trajectories. It is found that declining coital frequency over time seems a shared demographic feature of human populations, but whether marriage duration, wife's age or husband's age is most responsible for that decline varies by country. In many cases, coital frequency actually increases with women's age into their thirties, once husband's age and marriage duration are taken into account, but in most cases coital frequency declines with husband's age and marital duration.

ABSTRACTThe predominant hypothesis regarding the ecology of body image suggests that contexts of food insecurity foster positive evaluations of and preferences for fat bodies as they symbolize wealth, social and reproductive success, strength, beauty, and fertility. Yet, there are few studies that empirically test this relationship or examine how experiences of food insecurity influence perceptions of thin bodies. In this study, we examine the ecology of body norms among a group of primary schoolchildren in a semirural community in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that food insecurity predicts fat‐positive or thin‐negative evaluations of children's body size or, conversely, that food security predicts thin‐positive or fat‐negative evaluations. Utilizing a characteristic attribution task to measure positive and negative evaluations of average, thin, and fat bodies, we measure the strength of preference and prejudice for each body size. While we find a strong preference for average bodies and prejudice against both thin and fat bodies overall, food insecurity predicts children having very negative evaluations of thin bodies. These results suggest a different interpretation of the ecology of body norms as, rather than fostering fat‐positive evaluations, food insecurity exaggerates biases toward thin bodies.

Introduction -- How and Where We Did the Study -- Futotteru (Fat) in Osaka, Japan -- Fat in Peri-rural Georgia, USA -- Gordura (Fat) in Encarnación, Paraguay -- Lapo'a (Large) in Apia, Samoa -- The Bigger Picture: Shared Beliefs about Fat -- Conclusions: A Global Perspective on Weight.

Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Making Sense of the New Global Body Norms / Alexandra Brewis -- 1: From Thin to Fat and Back Again: A Dual Process Model of the Big Body Mass Reversal / Daniel J. Hruschka -- 2: Managing Body Capital in the Fields of Labor, Sex, and Health / Alexander Edmonds and Ashley Mears -- 3: Fat and Too Fat: Risk and Protection for Obesity Stigma in Three Countries / Eileen P. Anderson-Fye, Stephanie M. McClure, Maureen Floriano, Arundhati Bharati, Yunzhu Chen, and Caryl James -- 4: Excess Gains and Losses: Maternal Obesity, Infant Mortality, and the Biopolitics of Blame / Monica J. Casper -- 5: Symbolic Body Capital of an "Other" Kind: African American Females as a Bracketed Subunit in Female Body Valuation / Stephanie M. McClure -- 6: Fat Is a Linguistic Issue: Discursive Negotiation of Power, Identity, and the Gendered Body among Youth / Nicole L. Taylor -- 7: Body Size, Social Standing, and Weight Management: The View from Fiji / Anne E. Becker -- 8: Glocalizing Beauty: Weight and Body Image in the New Middle East / Sarah Trainer -- Conclusion: Fat Matters: Capital, Markets, and Morality / Rebecca J. Lester and Eileen P. Anderson-Fye -- References -- Contributors -- Index -- Back Cover.

Engaging students early as researchers is a potentially powerful tool for both encouraging a diversity of undergraduates to consider career-tracks in disaster/emergency management and building the skills essential to those fields. Traditional faculty-centered, lab-based research apprenticeship models are limited in their capacity to scale. Within large, diverse public institutions, there is accordingly a challenge of how to make such experiences readily available to a variety of students with diverse backgrounds and levels of preparation. To this end, we designed the Global Ethnohydrology Study, a scaled research training and mentorship program that integrates undergraduates in data collection (through fieldwork) and analysis (through lab research) in to a multi-sited, multi-year research program on the perception of water and climate issues cross-culturally. Here we explain the strategy, outcomes, and some keys to success to this approach of broadening access to research experiences, and suggest ways educators could adopt similar strategies in their instructional designs.