Suchergebnisse

Die seit der Cohabitation (1986-1988) sich abzeichnende Auflockerung der Bipolarität zwischen den Parteienblöcken, die "ouverture" und die sozialistische Strategie der Konsensbildung bis in die rechte Mitte hinein fanden bei den französischen Kommunalwahlen vom März 1989 keine Fortsetzung. Die Logik der Mehrheitswahl in zwei Wahlgängen veranlaßte die Parteien, zu ihren traditionellen, bipolaren Allianzen zurückzukehren. Das Wahlergebnis erbrachte somit eine beträchtliche Stabilität des politischen Kräfteverhältnisses zwischen Rechts und Links. (DFI-Mny)

Analyzed is the impact of a pressure group-the French ecologist movement-on the political process at the time of legislative elections. Ecologist candidates stood in 201 constituencies (out of 474) & obtained 559,398 votes (ie, 2.22% of the votes cast). Although the ecologist movement was poorly organized nationally, it was more successful regionally, particularly in Paris & other large towns. The ecologist movement induced the political parties to take account of ecologist demands; its votes stopped a number of candidates being elected at the first ballot; although none of its candidates was elected, its votes were directly responsible for the election of other candidates at the second ballot. The ecologist movement draws its policies from different political traditions, & although its leaders are definitely sympathetic to the governmental opposition, its voters would seem to be less sympathetic. Modified AA.

The changes in Central and Eastern Europe that were set in motion at the end of the 1980s threw up a variety of challenges for trade union organisations and placed new demands on their officers and representatives, which in turn produced a range of new training needs. This article intends to start a process - gaining a better understanding of trade union education provision in Central and Eastern Europe. Evidence from four case studies - KNSB (Bulgaria), ČMKOS (Czech Republic), KOZ SR (Slovak Republic) and NSZZ Solidarność (Poland)- shows that trade union organisations have continued to consider education as an integral part of their development strategy, and have established structures for the aggregation of training needs and for the delivery of training within their organisations. In the absence of systematic funding from the state or of agreements with employers' organisations, trade unions carry the financial burden themselves, on occasions with support from western trade union organisations and European or international organisations. The pattern of trade union education provision is generally structured so as to ensure a 'stepped' pathway for the learner, and emphasis is placed, unsurprisingly, on capacity-building. The twin-track approach undertaken by ETUCO provides a response to certain specific needs articulated by CEEC trade unions and also enables a limited number of CEEC trade union officers and representatives to participate in pan-European trade union education activities. However further resources will be needed to increase the number of training activities to the level required to respond adequately to the training needs of ETUC-affiliated organisations in the CEECs.