Suchergebnisse

The Human Capital Theory developed by Gary Becker in the 60's substantially widened the area of investigation of economics. Over the last two decades, many studies in the economics of education intended to identify the characteristics of an educational system which enable individuals to acquire as much skills, knowledge and information as possible. This thesis contribute to this literature by studying two aspects of the educational environment that has particularly attracted economists' attention over recent years: teacher productivity and peer effects in the classroom. The first chapter of this thesis investigate to what extent teaching practices implemented by math teachers in the US relate to their students' math performance. First, it shows that every single hour spent in the classroom studying mathematics generate a significant improvement in students' math performance. Second, it shows that the productivity of instructional time strongly relates to the implementation of interactive teaching practices, which require student active participation in the lesson. More precisely, each hour spent with a teacher putting a high weight on this kind of practices is 2 to 3 times more productive than an hour spent with a teacher putting a higher weight on traditional practices, such a teacher lecture. The second chapter of this thesis studies the impact of a public policy aimed at improving teachers' practices, namely the individual teacher evaluation system in French secondary education. In this chapter, we show that students' performance at the end-of-middle school national exam significantly improve after the evaluation of their math teacher, not only for students taught by an evaluated teacher the year of the evaluation, but also for students taught by the same teacher on subsequent years, suggesting a long-lasting improvement in teacher pedagogical skills. These positive effects persist over time for students, who not only perform better at the end-of-middle school exam but also choose more often and graduate more often from the science track in high school. In addition, the positive effects of teacher evaluation are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.The third chapter of this thesis investigates the effect of school peers' gender on students' performance and educational careers in French middle schools. First, it shows that the proportion of female peers' in middle school has persistent effects on students' educational careers as it not only affects students' test score at the end-of-9th-grade national examination, but also influences their track choices and high school graduation rates several years later. Second, it shows that a larger share of girls in the classroom has positive effects for girls and negative effects for boys. More specifically, it reduces girls' dropout rates and increases their probability to graduate from an academic track in high school, especially in the scientific track, while it increases boys' probability to attend a vocational school after 9th grade and decreases their high school graduation rate. ; Initiée dans les années 1960 par l'économiste américain Gary Becker, le développement de la théorie du capital humain a considérablement ouvert le champ d'investigation de la science économique. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreux travaux de recherche en économie de l'éducation ont cherché à identifier les caractéristiques du système ou de l'environnement scolaire qui permettent aux individus d'acquérir un maximum de compétences, de savoirs et d'informations au cours de leur scolarité. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce courant de recherche et étudie plus spécifiquement deux aspects de l'environnement scolaire qui ont retenu l'attention des économistes : la productivité des enseignants et l'influence des camarades de classe. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse étudie dans quelle mesure les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants aux États-Unis permettent d'expliquer les différences de performances de leurs élèves en mathématiques. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que chaque heure passée en classe à étudier les mathématiques engendre une progression significative des élèves dans cette discipline. Nous montrons ensuite que la productivité de l'heure d'enseignement est très fortement corrélée avec la mise en place de pratiques pédagogiques interactives, qui requièrent une participation active de la part des élèves. Plus spécifiquement, chaque heure passée avec un enseignant mettant l'accent sur ce type de pratiques est 2 à 3 fois plus productive qu'une heure passée avec un enseignant mettant l'accent sur des pratiques plus traditionnelles telles que le cours magistral.Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse étudie l'impact d'une politique publique visant à améliorer les pratiques des enseignants, à savoir le système d'inspection individuelle des enseignants du second degré en France. Dans ce chapitre, nous montrons que les performances des élèves en maths au Diplôme National du Brevet (DNB) s'améliorent significativement à la suite d'une inspection de leur enseignant de mathématiques, non seulement pour les élèves assignés à l'enseignant l'année de l'inspection, mais également pour les élèves assignés à cet enseignant les années suivantes, suggérant une amélioration durable de ses compétences pédagogiques. De surcroît, l'inspection des enseignants de maths de 3ème produit des effets bénéfiques persistants chez les élèves, qui se traduisent par une augmentation de leur probabilité de choisir une filière scientifique en première et d'obtenir un baccalauréat scientifique au cours des années suivantes. Finalement, les effets bénéfiques d'une inspection sur les performances des élèves en maths et sur leur trajectoire scolaire sont particulièrement marqués pour les enseignants de l'éducation prioritaire, lesquels font face à des contextes d'enseignement plus difficiles.Le troisième et dernier chapitre de cette thèse étudie les effets du genre des camarades de classe de 3ème sur le parcours scolaire des élèves en France. Deux ensembles de résultats se dégagent de l'analyse. D'une part, l'influence des camarades de classes est persistante au cours du temps, puisque la proportion de filles parmi les camarades de classes en 3ème influence non seulement la réussite au brevet, mais également le taux de décrochage scolaire, le choix des filières après le collège et le taux d'obtention du baccalauréat. D'autre part, la proportion de filles parmi les camarades de classes en 3ème a des effets bénéfiques sur la scolarité des filles alors qu'elle a des effets négatifs sur celle des garçons. Plus spécifiquement, cette proportion réduit le taux de décrochage scolaire des filles après la 3ème et augmente leur taux d'obtention d'un baccalauréat général, particulièrement dans la filière scientifique. A l'inverse, elle augmente la proportion de garçons choisissant une filière technique après le collège et réduit leur taux d'obtention d'un baccalauréat général.

The Human Capital Theory developed by Gary Becker in the 60's substantially widened the area of investigation of economics. Over the last two decades, many studies in the economics of education intended to identify the characteristics of an educational system which enable individuals to acquire as much skills, knowledge and information as possible. This thesis contribute to this literature by studying two aspects of the educational environment that has particularly attracted economists' attention over recent years: teacher productivity and peer effects in the classroom. The first chapter of this thesis investigate to what extent teaching practices implemented by math teachers in the US relate to their students' math performance. First, it shows that every single hour spent in the classroom studying mathematics generate a significant improvement in students' math performance. Second, it shows that the productivity of instructional time strongly relates to the implementation of interactive teaching practices, which require student active participation in the lesson. More precisely, each hour spent with a teacher putting a high weight on this kind of practices is 2 to 3 times more productive than an hour spent with a teacher putting a higher weight on traditional practices, such a teacher lecture. The second chapter of this thesis studies the impact of a public policy aimed at improving teachers' practices, namely the individual teacher evaluation system in French secondary education. In this chapter, we show that students' performance at the end-of-middle school national exam significantly improve after the evaluation of their math teacher, not only for students taught by an evaluated teacher the year of the evaluation, but also for students taught by the same teacher on subsequent years, suggesting a long-lasting improvement in teacher pedagogical skills. These positive effects persist over time for students, who not only perform better at the end-of-middle school exam but also choose more often and graduate more ...

The Human Capital Theory developed by Gary Becker in the 60's substantially widened the area of investigation of economics. Over the last two decades, many studies in the economics of education intended to identify the characteristics of an educational system which enable individuals to acquire as much skills, knowledge and information as possible. This thesis contribute to this literature by studying two aspects of the educational environment that has particularly attracted economists' attention over recent years: teacher productivity and peer effects in the classroom. The first chapter of this thesis investigate to what extent teaching practices implemented by math teachers in the US relate to their students' math performance. First, it shows that every single hour spent in the classroom studying mathematics generate a significant improvement in students' math performance. Second, it shows that the productivity of instructional time strongly relates to the implementation of interactive teaching practices, which require student active participation in the lesson. More precisely, each hour spent with a teacher putting a high weight on this kind of practices is 2 to 3 times more productive than an hour spent with a teacher putting a higher weight on traditional practices, such a teacher lecture. The second chapter of this thesis studies the impact of a public policy aimed at improving teachers' practices, namely the individual teacher evaluation system in French secondary education. In this chapter, we show that students' performance at the end-of-middle school national exam significantly improve after the evaluation of their math teacher, not only for students taught by an evaluated teacher the year of the evaluation, but also for students taught by the same teacher on subsequent years, suggesting a long-lasting improvement in teacher pedagogical skills. These positive effects persist over time for students, who not only perform better at the end-of-middle school exam but also choose more often and graduate more ...

The Human Capital Theory developed by Gary Becker in the 60's substantially widened the area of investigation of economics. Over the last two decades, many studies in the economics of education intended to identify the characteristics of an educational system which enable individuals to acquire as much skills, knowledge and information as possible. This thesis contribute to this literature by studying two aspects of the educational environment that has particularly attracted economists' attention over recent years: teacher productivity and peer effects in the classroom. The first chapter of this thesis investigate to what extent teaching practices implemented by math teachers in the US relate to their students' math performance. First, it shows that every single hour spent in the classroom studying mathematics generate a significant improvement in students' math performance. Second, it shows that the productivity of instructional time strongly relates to the implementation of interactive teaching practices, which require student active participation in the lesson. More precisely, each hour spent with a teacher putting a high weight on this kind of practices is 2 to 3 times more productive than an hour spent with a teacher putting a higher weight on traditional practices, such a teacher lecture. The second chapter of this thesis studies the impact of a public policy aimed at improving teachers' practices, namely the individual teacher evaluation system in French secondary education. In this chapter, we show that students' performance at the end-of-middle school national exam significantly improve after the evaluation of their math teacher, not only for students taught by an evaluated teacher the year of the evaluation, but also for students taught by the same teacher on subsequent years, suggesting a long-lasting improvement in teacher pedagogical skills. These positive effects persist over time for students, who not only perform better at the end-of-middle school exam but also choose more often and graduate more often from the science track in high school. In addition, the positive effects of teacher evaluation are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.The third chapter of this thesis investigates the effect of school peers' gender on students' performance and educational careers in French middle schools. First, it shows that the proportion of female peers' in middle school has persistent effects on students' educational careers as it not only affects students' test score at the end-of-9th-grade national examination, but also influences their track choices and high school graduation rates several years later. Second, it shows that a larger share of girls in the classroom has positive effects for girls and negative effects for boys. More specifically, it reduces girls' dropout rates and increases their probability to graduate from an academic track in high school, especially in the scientific track, while it increases boys' probability to attend a vocational school after 9th grade and decreases their high school graduation rate. ; Initiée dans les années 1960 par l'économiste américain Gary Becker, le développement de la théorie du capital humain a considérablement ouvert le champ d'investigation de la science économique. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreux travaux de recherche en économie de l'éducation ont cherché à identifier les caractéristiques du système ou de l'environnement scolaire qui permettent aux individus d'acquérir un maximum de compétences, de savoirs et d'informations au cours de leur scolarité. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce courant de recherche et étudie plus spécifiquement deux aspects de l'environnement scolaire qui ont retenu l'attention des économistes : la productivité des enseignants et l'influence des camarades de classe. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse étudie dans quelle mesure les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants aux États-Unis permettent d'expliquer les différences de performances de leurs élèves en mathématiques. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que chaque heure passée en classe à étudier les mathématiques engendre une progression significative des élèves dans cette discipline. Nous montrons ensuite que la productivité de l'heure d'enseignement est très fortement corrélée avec la mise en place de pratiques pédagogiques interactives, qui requièrent une participation active de la part des élèves. Plus spécifiquement, chaque heure passée avec un enseignant mettant l'accent sur ce type de pratiques est 2 à 3 fois plus productive qu'une heure passée avec un enseignant mettant l'accent sur des pratiques plus traditionnelles telles que le cours magistral.Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse étudie l'impact d'une politique publique visant à améliorer les pratiques des enseignants, à savoir le système d'inspection individuelle des enseignants du second degré en France. Dans ce chapitre, nous montrons que les performances des élèves en maths au Diplôme National du Brevet (DNB) s'améliorent significativement à la suite d'une inspection de leur enseignant de mathématiques, non seulement pour les élèves assignés à l'enseignant l'année de l'inspection, mais également pour les élèves assignés à cet enseignant les années suivantes, suggérant une amélioration durable de ses compétences pédagogiques. De surcroît, l'inspection des enseignants de maths de 3ème produit des effets bénéfiques persistants chez les élèves, qui se traduisent par une augmentation de leur probabilité de choisir une filière scientifique en première et d'obtenir un baccalauréat scientifique au cours des années suivantes. Finalement, les effets bénéfiques d'une inspection sur les performances des élèves en maths et sur leur trajectoire scolaire sont particulièrement marqués pour les enseignants de l'éducation prioritaire, lesquels font face à des contextes d'enseignement plus difficiles.Le troisième et dernier chapitre de cette thèse étudie les effets du genre des camarades de classe de 3ème sur le parcours scolaire des élèves en France. Deux ensembles de résultats se dégagent de l'analyse. D'une part, l'influence des camarades de classes est persistante au cours du temps, puisque la proportion de filles parmi les camarades de classes en 3ème influence non seulement la réussite au brevet, mais également le taux de décrochage scolaire, le choix des filières après le collège et le taux d'obtention du baccalauréat. D'autre part, la proportion de filles parmi les camarades de classes en 3ème a des effets bénéfiques sur la scolarité des filles alors qu'elle a des effets négatifs sur celle des garçons. Plus spécifiquement, cette proportion réduit le taux de décrochage scolaire des filles après la 3ème et augmente leur taux d'obtention d'un baccalauréat général, particulièrement dans la filière scientifique. A l'inverse, elle augmente la proportion de garçons choisissant une filière technique après le collège et réduit leur taux d'obtention d'un baccalauréat général.

The Human Capital Theory developed by Gary Becker in the 60's substantially widened the area of investigation of economics. Over the last two decades, many studies in the economics of education intended to identify the characteristics of an educational system which enable individuals to acquire as much skills, knowledge and information as possible. This thesis contribute to this literature by studying two aspects of the educational environment that has particularly attracted economists' attention over recent years: teacher productivity and peer effects in the classroom. The first chapter of this thesis investigate to what extent teaching practices implemented by math teachers in the US relate to their students' math performance. First, it shows that every single hour spent in the classroom studying mathematics generate a significant improvement in students' math performance. Second, it shows that the productivity of instructional time strongly relates to the implementation of interactive teaching practices, which require student active participation in the lesson. More precisely, each hour spent with a teacher putting a high weight on this kind of practices is 2 to 3 times more productive than an hour spent with a teacher putting a higher weight on traditional practices, such a teacher lecture. The second chapter of this thesis studies the impact of a public policy aimed at improving teachers' practices, namely the individual teacher evaluation system in French secondary education. In this chapter, we show that students' performance at the end-of-middle school national exam significantly improve after the evaluation of their math teacher, not only for students taught by an evaluated teacher the year of the evaluation, but also for students taught by the same teacher on subsequent years, suggesting a long-lasting improvement in teacher pedagogical skills. These positive effects persist over time for students, who not only perform better at the end-of-middle school exam but also choose more often and graduate more often from the science track in high school. In addition, the positive effects of teacher evaluation are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.The third chapter of this thesis investigates the effect of school peers' gender on students' performance and educational careers in French middle schools. First, it shows that the proportion of female peers' in middle school has persistent effects on students' educational careers as it not only affects students' test score at the end-of-9th-grade national examination, but also influences their track choices and high school graduation rates several years later. Second, it shows that a larger share of girls in the classroom has positive effects for girls and negative effects for boys. More specifically, it reduces girls' dropout rates and increases their probability to graduate from an academic track in high school, especially in the scientific track, while it increases boys' probability to attend a vocational school after 9th grade and decreases their high school graduation rate. ; Initiée dans les années 1960 par l'économiste américain Gary Becker, le développement de la théorie du capital humain a considérablement ouvert le champ d'investigation de la science économique. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreux travaux de recherche en économie de l'éducation ont cherché à identifier les caractéristiques du système ou de l'environnement scolaire qui permettent aux individus d'acquérir un maximum de compétences, de savoirs et d'informations au cours de leur scolarité. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce courant de recherche et étudie plus spécifiquement deux aspects de l'environnement scolaire qui ont retenu l'attention des économistes : la productivité des enseignants et l'influence des camarades de classe. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse étudie dans quelle mesure les pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants aux États-Unis permettent d'expliquer les différences de performances de leurs élèves en mathématiques. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que chaque heure passée en classe à étudier les mathématiques engendre une progression significative des élèves dans cette discipline. Nous montrons ensuite que la productivité de l'heure d'enseignement est très fortement corrélée avec la mise en place de pratiques pédagogiques interactives, qui requièrent une participation active de la part des élèves. Plus spécifiquement, chaque heure passée avec un enseignant mettant l'accent sur ce type de pratiques est 2 à 3 fois plus productive qu'une heure passée avec un enseignant mettant l'accent sur des pratiques plus traditionnelles telles que le cours magistral.Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse étudie l'impact d'une politique publique visant à améliorer les pratiques des enseignants, à savoir le système d'inspection individuelle des enseignants du second degré en France. Dans ce chapitre, nous montrons que les performances des élèves en maths au Diplôme National du Brevet (DNB) s'améliorent significativement à la suite d'une inspection de leur enseignant de mathématiques, non seulement pour les élèves assignés à l'enseignant l'année de l'inspection, mais également pour les élèves assignés à cet enseignant les années suivantes, suggérant une amélioration durable de ses compétences pédagogiques. De surcroît, l'inspection des enseignants de maths de 3ème produit des effets bénéfiques persistants chez les élèves, qui se traduisent par une augmentation de leur probabilité de choisir une filière scientifique en première et d'obtenir un baccalauréat scientifique au cours des années suivantes. Finalement, les effets bénéfiques d'une inspection sur les performances des élèves en maths et sur leur trajectoire scolaire sont particulièrement marqués pour les enseignants de l'éducation prioritaire, lesquels font face à des contextes d'enseignement plus difficiles.Le troisième et dernier chapitre de cette thèse étudie les effets du genre des camarades de classe de 3ème sur le parcours scolaire des élèves en France. Deux ensembles de résultats se dégagent de l'analyse. D'une part, l'influence des camarades de classes est persistante au cours du temps, puisque la proportion de filles parmi les camarades de classes en 3ème influence non seulement la réussite au brevet, mais également le taux de décrochage scolaire, le choix des filières après le collège et le taux d'obtention du baccalauréat. D'autre part, la proportion de filles parmi les camarades de classes en 3ème a des effets bénéfiques sur la scolarité des filles alors qu'elle a des effets négatifs sur celle des garçons. Plus spécifiquement, cette proportion réduit le taux de décrochage scolaire des filles après la 3ème et augmente leur taux d'obtention d'un baccalauréat général, particulièrement dans la filière scientifique. A l'inverse, elle augmente la proportion de garçons choisissant une filière technique après le collège et réduit leur taux d'obtention d'un baccalauréat général.

In France, secondary school teachers are evaluated every six or seven years by senior experts of the Ministry of education. These external evaluations mostly involve the supervision of one class session and a debrie_ng interview, but have nonetheless a direct impact on teachers' career advancement. In this paper, we show that these evaluations contribute to improving students' performance, especially in math. This e_ect is seen not only for students taught by teachers the year of their evaluations but also for students taught by the same teachers the subsequent years, suggesting that evaluations improve teachers' core pedagogical skills. These positive e_ects persist over time and are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.

In France, secondary school teachers are evaluated every six or seven years by senior experts of the Ministry of education. These external evaluations mostly involve the supervision of one class session and a debrie_ng interview, but have nonetheless a direct impact on teachers' career advancement. In this paper, we show that these evaluations contribute to improving students' performance, especially in math. This e_ect is seen not only for students taught by teachers the year of their evaluations but also for students taught by the same teachers the subsequent years, suggesting that evaluations improve teachers' core pedagogical skills. These positive e_ects persist over time and are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.

In France, secondary school teachers are evaluated every six or seven years by senior experts of the Ministry of education. These external evaluations mostly involve the supervision of one class session and a debrie_ng interview, but have nonetheless a direct impact on teachers' career advancement. In this paper, we show that these evaluations contribute to improving students' performance, especially in math. This e_ect is seen not only for students taught by teachers the year of their evaluations but also for students taught by the same teachers the subsequent years, suggesting that evaluations improve teachers' core pedagogical skills. These positive e_ects persist over time and are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.

In France, secondary school teachers are evaluated every six or seven years by senior experts of the Ministry of education. These external evaluations mostly involve the supervision of one class session and a debrie_ng interview, but have nonetheless a direct impact on teachers' career advancement. In this paper, we show that these evaluations contribute to improving students' performance, especially in math. This e_ect is seen not only for students taught by teachers the year of their evaluations but also for students taught by the same teachers the subsequent years, suggesting that evaluations improve teachers' core pedagogical skills. These positive e_ects persist over time and are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.

In France, secondary school teachers are evaluated every six or seven years by senior experts of the Ministry of education. These external evaluations mostly involve the supervision of one class session and a debrie_ng interview, but have nonetheless a direct impact on teachers' career advancement. In this paper, we show that these evaluations contribute to improving students' performance, especially in math. This e_ect is seen not only for students taught by teachers the year of their evaluations but also for students taught by the same teachers the subsequent years, suggesting that evaluations improve teachers' core pedagogical skills. These positive e_ects persist over time and are particularly salient in education priority schools, in contexts where teaching is often very challenging.

Mortality inequalities remain substantial in many countries, and large shocks such as pandemics could amplify them further. The unequal distribution of COVID-19 confirmed cases suggests that this is the case. Yet, evidence on the causal effect of the epidemic on mortality inequalities remains scarce. In this paper, we exploit exhaustive municipality-level data in France, one of the most severely hit country in the world, to identify a negative relationship between income and excess mortality within urban areas, that persists over COVID-19 waves. Over the year 2020, the poorest municipalities experienced a 30% higher increase in excess mortality. Our analyses can rule out the contribution of policy responses (such as lockdown) in this heterogeneous impact. Finally, we show that both labour-market exposure and housing conditions are major determinants of the direct effect of the epidemic on mortality inequalities, but that their respective role depends on the state of the epidemic.

While a burgeoning literature has documented the unequal distribution of COVID-19 confirmed cases,there is still little evidence on the causal effect of the epidemic on mortality inequalities. In this pa-per, we exploit exhaustive municipality-level data in France, one of the most severely hit country in the world, to identify a persistent negative relationship between income and excess mortality withinurban areas. Over the year 2020, the poorest municipalities experienced a 42% higher increase inexcess mortality. Our analyses further reveal that the policy responses to the epidemic - including thelockdowns - play no role in this heterogeneous impact. Last, we show that both labour-market expo-sure and housing conditions are major determinants of the direct effect of the epidemic on mortalityinequalities, but that their respective role depends on the state of the epidemic and the lockdown policy