Дослідження зосереджено на розгляді метафізично-онтологічних проекцій буття, фокус яких особливо загострюється в контексті методологічної кризи сучасної філософії. Онтологічний поворот, що закладає собою нові вимоги до філософського апарату, актуалізує спроби відмови від метафізичної складової філософії. З одного боку спостерігаємо спроби мислити про буття в ракурсі його співіснування з людиною, тією роллю, місцем, що відведені саме їй в цьому бутті. З іншого – зіштовхуємося з втратою трансцендентальності суб'єкта. Що ж відбувається насправді?
The analysis of the article focuses on the consideration of the essentiality of human nature. We are talking about the foundations of individual development that directly affect the formation of human existence and society. As the above aspects are considered the spiritual nature of the individual and the ethical universals that affect it - spiritual knowledge. It is with the soul that man as a microcosm concentrates in himself all the elements and manifests all the properties of the "great world". And it is the internalization of spiritual knowledge in the human experience that forms virtues - activities that create good in the world. In particular, it is emphasized that the harmony of soul and body, the orderliness of their relationship, is formed directly under the influence of "whole knowledge". This is what reproduces the monolithicity, the integrity of the human personality, ensures its mental and physical health. Conversely, the violation of this balance leads directly to the loss of the vital connection between the spiritual and physiological principles of human nature, causes the destruction, splitting of the individual, his spiritual and physical degradation. In this regard, it was found that the possibility of harmonious human development is healing, that is "reproduction of the monolithic nature of the spiritual and physiological nature." It is achieved only when the individual conforms to the conditions of the integrity of the higher, transcendent order - the spiritual laws. The latter provide the principles and potential for the development of human coexistence. Thus, the study of the meaning and influence of spiritual knowledge on human life, makes it possible to note that no materialist knowledge aimed at the development of technological and economic progress is able to solve its existential problems. Only the knowledge that satisfies the essential needs of the individual, the aspirations of the soul, which carry values, and the understanding of the very essence of human life are able to restore that natural (in the sense given) state of harmony, health of soul and body.
The study analysis focuses on one of the main existential problems of the individual and social life development, namely the problem of alienation. As a phenomenon that describes the ontological situation of violation or rupture of the individual's ties with the common being, alienation is a condition of non-acquisition or loss of meaning in life. Reproduced genetically in the Judeo-Christian tradition, the alienation phenomenon characterizes the situation of connection loss of the individual with his spiritual potential. That is, we are talking about the non-disclosure of the inner potential of human. Therefore, it is noted that as a result, a person refuses to take responsibility for his life. In this situation, internal resources are directed not to the development of the soul potential, but to the achievement of material goods. The latter are presented by the modern socio-political system as markers of "success". Thus, a person betrays himself. It, therefore, subordinates its life to the power of external forces, alien, inherent in its nature. This leads to a gap between essence and existence, the formation of dissatisfaction feelings, helplessness, inadequacy. The author focuses on the fact that integrity, co-existence, co-involvement, demand for personality are born in the relationship. Therefore, any violation, deformation or simulation of these spiritual connections causes problems of both individual and social development. The modern relations space, in which "distant connections" predominate, only states the actualization of the individual alienation problem, which is transmitted from the individual space to all types of social relations. The solution to the problem, according to the author, lies in the space of existential issues, overcoming tendencies to self-alienation of the individual. It is this perspective of the study of the social and individual problems development and requires the development of a methodology for studying the issue.
The article focuses on the consideration of ontological aspects of harmonious individual and social being and their realization in the space of the individual existential nature. Internal conflict, the individual confrontation, unfolds mainly in the field of ethical knowledge around the concepts of the «good and evil». Both metaphysical principles of «good» and «evil» reproduce the binary opposition of «being / nothingness», «creation / destruction», «conflict / harmony». In the space of human existence, the internal conflict, arises to the problem of misunderstanding between good and evil. Therefore, the internal solution of the conflict and the overcoming of the internal evil presupposes the existence of good as an absolute ethical universality, which is revealed to man only in the process of self-knowledge. It is revealed, that unlike to the cognition of environment, the principles of self-cognition are metaphysical. These principles open themselves in the knowledge of heart, which is able to penetrate into the very essence of human existence and to reveal its uniqueness. In other words, knowing oneself does not imply the knowledge accumulation that provides the possession of knowledge and their usage for own purposes. In the format of self knowledge, «knowing» good means «being» its bearer, letting it in and bringing it into the world. Therefore, in the process of self-knowledge, the meanings are acquired only by knowing the good ethics, and understanding the difference between good and evil. However, even these ethical principles gain value only when they are transformed from the sphere of theory into practice, that is, the human experience of life is its virtues. Thus, to know oneself means to know in oneself that creative potential, a gift that makes a person unique and valuable. Therefore, through knowing and overcoming the negativity (flaws, sins, desires, illusions), one can come to yourself as real and sincere. On the path from evil to good man discovers knowledge of himself, the only center of which is his heart. It is it that teaches us to accept our neighbor, to treat ourselves from the standpoint of help, support, non-competition, envy, aggression. Thus, the potential of the cognitive capacity of the heart to convert evil into good is the most optimal. Because it involves elements of higher, sacral spheres in the knowledge structure. This is the difference between cardiac and rational cognition, work-related brain apparatus, characterized primarily by the processing of information transmitted by external senses. It is a perspective of research that is revealed in contemporary philosophical discourse as the knowledge of the heart that overcomes the boundaries of self-dictates.
The article's analysis focuses on the ontological aspects of social existence harmonious. Ethical principles of good are the main de-confliction mechanisms, factors that are reproduced and responsible for solving the problem of social and individual order. Universal ethical values - freedom, love, responsibility, creativity is a preexisting knowledge that produces, translates and reproduces the coherence practices of co-existence at both individual and social levels. It is revealed that the functionality of the latter is reproduced in the space of productive communication experience, which acquires personality in the social interaction context. The "threat" to ethical knowledge, which is the ontological basis of the social being organization, is the problem of ethics relativity. This problem arises and spreads as a result of the ethical knowledge objectification, its transformation into a thing. In other words, it is the transformation of universal values, the goals of ethics as spiritual phenomena, into the means of achieving individual desire, personal well-being, the tools of satisfying my selfish desires, that transforms a person into a conformal consumer. From ancient hedonism to modern versions of transhumanism, ethical relativism theories continue to actively raise questions about the relevance of the ethical absolutism principles. It is noted that the dissonance that arises in connection with the actualization of the ethics relativism question indicates an aggravation of the formalization problem of spiritual knowledge. Consequently, ethical conformity is required to conform to the ontology of social being. This correspondence is based on the absoluteness of ethics as a condition for the functioning of harmonious social relations - on the one hand, and human development - on the other. Thus, the analysis of the consolidation mechanisms of human being, its integrity, harmony, should focus on the actualization of the ethical absolutism issue, which is particularly acute in today's conflict world. It is this perspective that explores the problems of integrating social and individual order and provides tools and solutions.
The analysis of the article focuses on the consideration of the existential origins of human optics (pictures of the world) deformation. The consequence of such a violation is the conflict of cultural and historical space. It turns out that the philosophical tradition devotes a fairly important analyst to the issue of knowledge. The latter originates in the concept of ancient philosophers photodosia (the action of real light). It is directly about the role and importance of philosophical knowledge in human life and society, which is directly responsible for the formation of the individual inner culture. In this research projection, spiritual knowledge lays down the fundamental connection that is responsible for human immanence in the existence origins, their inseparability. So the ability to see, understand the world around us, knowledge about it, constructs the objectivity of the individual position. Instead, the deformation of human optics (which is actualized in the problem of ignorance) leads to the formation of illusory reality, mirages, which is a real threat to the personality harmonious development. In this regard, it was found that the illusion, the mirage is a distorted optics of reality, which is formed in the consciousness of the individual, due to lack of knowledge about the real situation. Therefore, the purpose of any mirage (ie, biased, erroneous knowledge) is to create an optical illusion – a false image, which is a reflection of reality, which distracts a person from the real source of light – spiritual knowledge. The threat of deformed optics, therefore, is the loss of human connection with reality, distorted prospects for the development of the individual inner potential. Thus, the study of the meaning and impact of spiritual knowledge on human life makes it possible to note that no technical and scientific knowledge aimed at the development of technological, economic progress, material comfort of the individual, can't solve its existential problems. Only the knowledge that satisfies the essential needs of the individual, the aspirations of the soul, which carry values, and the understanding of the very essence of human life can restore the state of harmony, health of soul and body.
The research analysis is focused on the consideration of the main postulates of H.Skovoroda philosophy of the heart. Cordocentrism, as a direction of the religious philosophical tradition, most significantly affects the issues of cognition and the potential of philosophical knowledge. It is in connection with this that the heart is a creative cognitive center of a human's spiritual life. The heart accumulates in itself the human and the transcendent in their sacred sense, is the focus of the Ukrainian philosophy of cardocentrism. And that is why the analysis of the heart problem as a teaching about the special deep nature of knowledge: "heart contemplation", "listening to the heart", "voice of the heart", is a problematic field of philosophical knowledge reflection. These methodological principles became the foundation of the Eastern Christian tradition. In this tradition, hesychasm acquires importance as a practice of a special mystical experience. It is noted that the philosophy of H.Skovoroda considers the development of the cognitive process through the renewal of the heart: the transition from the "old" to the "new" state of the heart. In the philosophical and theological tradition, such symbolism is identical to the principles of the "old" and "new" Adam, which are key positions in the evolution of humanity. Thus, the philosopher's attempts to focus precisely on the fundamental principles of human knowledge of the world lay a powerful cognitive potential in H.Skovoroda's concept of the heart. The author focuses on the fact that within the framework of the methodological uncertainty of modern philosophy (let's call the problem of the methodological crisis so) the unique cognitive potential of the heart has epistemological perspectives. This potential is the basis of a synthetic method of cognitive activity. Due to its own synthetic nature, only this heart has a direct relation to the sphere of meaning (and not the ratio, as the modern epistemological tradition in the postpositivism form is wont to declare). It is noted that the practices of "heart synthesis" are aimed at the search for knowledge deeper than logical-evidential epistema or doxa. So, within the framework of solving the epistemological problem of modern philosophy, turning to the philosophical heritage of cardocentrism, and directly to the philosophy of the heart of H. Skovoroda, is a promising direction of philosophical knowledge.
