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This study examined the impact of presentation modality and the effectiveness of direct and indirect measures of deception to distinguish truthful from deceptive confessions. Confession statements were presented in one of three formats: audiovisual, audio-only, or written text. Forty-six observers classified each statement as true or false and provided ratings of confidence, information sufficiency, perceived cognitive load, and suspiciousness. Compared to audio and written confessions, exposure to audiovisual recordings yielded significantly lower accuracy rates for direct veracity judgements, with below chance level performance. There was no evidence that indirect measures assisted observers in discriminating truthful from deceptive confessions. Overall, observers showed a strong bias to believe confessions with poor detection rates for false statements. Reliance on video recordings to assess the veracity of confession evidence is unlikely to reduce wrongful convictions arising from false confessions.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited genetic disorder in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is associated with early mortality and lifelong morbidity. Early diagnosis is essential for instituting appropriate care and preventive therapy. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To compare parental knowledge or perception of their offspring's hemoglobin phenotype prior to testing and actual validated laboratory test results. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In a prospective community-based survey, we assessed parental knowledge of their children's hemoglobin phenotype and corroborated this with the results from a laboratory confirmatory test determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We screened 10,126 children aged less than 5 years. A total of 163 (1.6%) parents indicated that their offspring had been previously tested and had knowledge of the child's hemoglobin genotype. However, 51 (31.2%) of 163 parents of children who had been previously tested did not know the result of their offspring's test, and 18 (35.3%) of these 51 children were found to have SCD. Of those who claimed previous knowledge, 25 (15.3%) of 163 reported incorrect results. Overall, we identified 272 (2.76%) new cases from 9,963 children who had not been previously tested. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> There is the need to promote public awareness about SCD and the benefit of early diagnosis, quality assurance in laboratory diagnosis and institution of sustainable patient care pathways.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- Notes on Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- I History and Context of African American Studies -- 2 Danny Glover: Memories from 1968 -- 3 Pedagogy and Decolonization: Historical Refl ections on Origins of Black Studies in the United States -- 4 Toward Radical Pan-African Pedagogy and Civic Education -- 5 The "Field and Function" of Africana Studies: Insights from the Life and Writings of W. E. B. Du Bois -- II African American Studies: Theories and Methodologies -- 6 African American Studies: Discourses and Paradigms -- 7 Afrocentricity and Africology: Theory and Practice in the Discipline -- 8 Revisiting White Privilege: Pedagogy in Black Studies -- 9 Social Science Research in Africana Studies: Ethical Protocols and Guidelines -- 10 Africana Studies and Oral History: A Critical Assessment -- III Social Responsibility, Service Learning and Activism -- 11 Africana Studies and Community Service: Using the STRENGTH Model -- 12 Africana Studies and Civic Engagement -- 13 Danny Glover and Manning Marable: Activism Through Art and Scholarship -- 14 Contemporary Women of the African Diaspora: Identity, Artistic Expression and Activism -- IV Selected Areas of Scholarship in the Discipline -- 15 He Wasn't Man Enough: Black Male Studies and the Ethnological Targeting of Black Men in Nineteenth-Century Suffragist Thought -- 16 Reading Black Through the Looking Glass: Decoding the Encoding in African Diasporic Literature -- 17 Diversity and Representations of Blackness in Comic Books -- 18 Black Athletes and the Problematic of Integration in Sport -- 19 African American Music: The Ties That Bind -- 20 Afrofuturism and the Question of Visual Reparations -- 21 The Black Studies Movement in Britain -- Index