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Most research on consumer attitudes does not consider that attitudes are likely influenced by people with whom we have some relationship even though socioeconomic, psychological and political theories recognize the importance of referent individuals' opinions in attitude formation. Knowledge on the role of referent individuals' opinions in attitude formation could improve the understanding of consumer acceptance of foods frequently associated with health or other concerns. This article examines the association of attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) crops and foods between young adults and their referent individuals using data collected in 2016 via surveys from the Czech Republic, Russia and Ukraine. Loglinear models of cell counts in contingency tables reveal a positive association of GM food attitudes between young adults and their referent individuals. This association was stronger in Russia and the Czech Republic than it was in Ukraine and stronger between female young adults and their referent individuals than between males and their referent individuals. Concordance in GM food attitudes with mothers is significantly stronger than concordance with best friends but not significantly different from concordance with fathers.

This volume of proceedings, available both as hard copy and pdf , is a compilation of selected contributions to the IAMO Forum 2005, which will be held in Halle (Saale), Germany, at the Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe from June 16-18, 2005. CONTENTS: Agricultural and food markets in Central and Eastern Europe: An introduction; Stephan Brosig, Heinrich Hockmann. Agricultural markets in CEE - An overview; József Popp. Regoverning agrifood markets in CEEC - Poland's pork and apple markets; Jerzy Wilkin, Malgorzta Juchniewicz, Dominika Milczarek. Regoverning markets in the Hungarian dairy sector; Imre Ferto, Csaba Forgács, Anikó Juhász, Gyöngyi Kürthy. Analysis of competitiveness, economic efficiency and distortions in the Estonian milk sector; Piret Hein. Building sustainable supply chains: The role of institutions; Jill E. Hobbs. How effective is the invisible hand on technological and institutional change and the reduction of transaction costs in the food sector? Ernst-August Nuppenau. How effective is the visible hand of the government in stabilising the wheat and flour price relation in Ukraine? Bernhard Brümmer, Sergiy Zorya. Marketing margins and price transmission on the Hungarian pork market; Lajos Zoltán Bakucs, Imre Ferto. Slovenian retailing market structures, retail prices, and size of marketing margins for food staples; Štefan Bojnec. Scarcity and preferences (Data Envelopment Analysis of Moscow region corporate farms); Nikolay Svetlov. Buying or renting in? Selling or renting out? Exploring contract choice on the Polish land market; Annette Hurrelmann. The organisation of buyer - Supplier relations in the food chain: The case of the German fruit processing industry and Polish farmers; Kai Maack. Supply Chain Networks: Analysis based on strategic management theories and institutional economics; Jon H. Hanf. Dynamics of labour market participation: What drives Chinese farmers into and out of off-farm employment? Thomas Glauben, Thomas Herzfeld, Xiaobing Wang. Market channels and commercial orientation in Romania; Borbala Balint. Land reform and the development of agricultural land markets in Russia; Zvi Lerman, Natalya Shagaida. Public quality schemes - Helping ensure well-functioning agri-food markets in Central and East European countries? Eckhard Benner. Competition, market power and antimonopoly policy: A Hayekian perspective; Jürgen Wandel. An ex-ante analysis of a minimum price system for Ukraine; Oleg Nivyevs'ki, Arnim Kuhn

Zur Bekämpfung absoluter Armut im ländlichen China wurde 2007 landesweit das "Rural Minimum Living Standard System" eingeführt, welches direkte finanzielle Unterstützung für ländliche Haushalte unterhalb der Armutsgrenze vorsieht. Im Rahmen eines jüngeren Forschungsprojektes wurden in einer Stichprobe von knapp 5000 Haushalten extreme Fehlzuweisungen von Transfermitteln festgestellt, welche die Wirksamkeit des Programmes stark reduzierten: Während 89 Prozent der Empfängerhaushalte nach Ergebnissen dieser Studie gar nicht unterhalb der Armutslinie lagen, konnten etwa 79 Prozent der absolut armen Haushalte nicht berücksichtigt werden. Wie qualitative Nachforschungen ergaben, lag die Ursache dieser Fehlverteilung oft in der mangelnden personellen Ausstattung lokaler Verwaltungen in strukturschwachen Regionen. Durch zusätzliche finanzielle Unterstützung der Zentralregierung bei den Implementierungskosten des Programmes könnte die Zielgenauigkeit des Programmes deutlich verbessert werden. Die Implementierung eines Systems so engmaschiger Kontrollen, wie etwa in mitteleuropäischen Systemen, ist jedoch aufgrund fehlender Einkommensdokumentation in näherer Zukunft kaum möglich. Mittelfristig sollte mit Blick auf den erheblichen administrativen Aufwand für bedarfsgerechte Sozialhilfevergabe ein stufenweiser Ersatz von Sozialtransfers durch Kranken- und Pensionsversicherung diskutiert werden.

In order to combat absolute poverty in rural China, the "Rural Minimum Living Standard System" was launched nationally in 2007. The program provides direct monetary transfers to rural households living below the poverty line. A recent research project working with a sample of around 5000 households found that monetary transfers were being misallocated to a considerable extent, which greatly reduced the effectiveness of the program: 89 percent of the recipient households were not eligible according to their (reported) income while 79 percent of households assessed to be eligible according to their reported income were unable to receive the necessary assistance. Qualitative investigations revealed that these misallocations were often caused by a lack of human resources among local administrations within structurally weak regions. Additional financial aid provided by the central government towards the cost of the program's implementation could lead to considerable improvement in targeting, i.e. the identification of households eligible to receive transfers. However, due to an inability to accurately measure and document income, the implementation of a closely supervised system such as those found in central Europe does not appear to be suitable in the near future. In the mid-term, a step by step replacement of social transfers with health and pension benefits should be discussed in order to alleviate the high administrative cost engendered by targeting based on income. ; Zur Bekämpfung absoluter Armut im ländlichen China wurde 2007 landesweit das "Rural Minimum Living Standard System" eingeführt, welches direkte finanzielle Unterstützung für ländliche Haushalte unterhalb der Armutsgrenze vorsieht. Im Rahmen eines jüngeren Forschungsprojektes wurden in einer Stichprobe von knapp 5000 Haushalten extreme Fehlzuweisungen von Transfermitteln festgestellt, welche die Wirksamkeit des Programmes stark reduzierten: Während 89 Prozent der Empfängerhaushalte nach Ergebnissen dieser Studie gar nicht unterhalb der Armutslinie lagen, konnten etwa 79 Prozent der absolut armen Haushalte nicht berücksichtigt werden. Wie qualitative Nachforschungen ergaben, lag die Ursache dieser Fehlverteilung oft in der mangelnden personellen Ausstattung lokaler Verwaltungen in strukturschwachen Regionen. Durch zusätzliche finanzielle Unterstützung der Zentralregierung bei den Implementierungskosten des Programmes könnte die Zielgenauigkeit des Programmes deutlich verbessert werden. Die Implementierung eines Systems so engmaschiger Kontrollen, wie etwa in mitteleuropäischen Systemen, ist jedoch aufgrund fehlender Einkommensdokumentation in näherer Zukunft kaum möglich. Mittelfristig sollte mit Blick auf den erheblichen administrativen Aufwand für bedarfsgerechte Sozialhilfevergabe ein stufenweiser Ersatz von Sozialtransfers durch Kranken- und Pensionsversicherung diskutiert werden.

Zur Bekämpfung absoluter Armut im ländlichen China wurde 2007 landesweit das "Rural Minimum Living Standard System" eingeführt, welches direkte finanzielle Unterstützung für ländliche Haushalte unterhalb der Armutsgrenze vorsieht. Im Rahmen eines jüngeren Forschungsprojektes wurden in einer Stichprobe von knapp 5000 Haushalten extreme Fehlzuweisungen von Transfermitteln festgestellt, welche die Wirksamkeit des Programmes stark reduzierten: Während 89 Prozent der Empfängerhaushalte nach Ergebnissen dieser Studie gar nicht unterhalb der Armutslinie lagen, konnten etwa 79 Prozent der absolut armen Haushalte nicht berücksichtigt werden. Wie qualitative Nachforschungen ergaben, lag die Ursache dieser Fehlverteilung oft in der mangelnden personellen Ausstattung lokaler Verwaltungen in strukturschwachen Regionen. Durch zusätzliche finanzielle Unterstützung der Zentralregierung bei den Implementierungskosten des Programmes könnte die Zielgenauigkeit des Programmes deutlich verbessert werden. Die Implementierung eines Systems so engmaschiger Kontrollen, wie etwa in mitteleuropäischen Systemen, ist jedoch aufgrund fehlender Einkommensdokumentation in näherer Zukunft kaum möglich. Mittelfristig sollte mit Blick auf den erheblichen administrativen Aufwand für bedarfsgerechte Sozialhilfevergabe ein stufenweiser Ersatz von Sozialtransfers durch Kranken- und Pensionsversicherung diskutiert werden. ; In order to combat absolute poverty in rural China, the "Rural Minimum Living Standard System" was launched nationally in 2007. The program provides direct monetary transfers to rural households living below the poverty line. A recent research project working with a sample of around 5000 households found that monetary transfers were being misallocated to a considerable extent, which greatly reduced the effectiveness of the program: 89 percent of the recipient households were not eligible according to their (reported) income while 79 percent of households assessed to be eligible according to their reported income were unable to receive the necessary assistance. Qualitative investigations revealed that these misallocations were often caused by a lack of human resources among local administrations within structurally weak regions. Additional financial aid provided by the central government towards the cost of the program's implementation could lead to considerable improvement in targeting, i.e. the identification of households eligible to receive transfers. However, due to an inability to accurately measure and document income, the implementation of a closely supervised system such as those found in central Europe does not appear to be suitable in the near future. In the mid-term, a step by step replacement of social transfers with health and pension benefits should be discussed in order to alleviate the high administrative cost engendered by targeting based on income.

The Rural Minimum Living Standard is an important component of social security in rural areas of China, as it provides social assistance to poor rural households. The country's size and large development heterogeneities, however, make the policy's implementation a challenging task. Using quantitative and qualitative data from rural households and administrators in five provinces, we identify the pitfalls of multi-level implementation along with the difficulty of measuring income in rural, underdeveloped areas as key sources of an implementation gap that has led to a considerable degree of misallocation of monetary transfers. Changes in the budgeting process and the distribution method might improve the anti-poverty effect of social assistance without having to carry out additional monitoring. (JCCA/GIGA)

One of the striking features in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is the deterioration of their agricultural and food trade balance during transition to a market economy as im-ports increased faster than exports or exports even declined. This paper investigates the Slovenian agricultural and food trade in more detail focusing on changes in the geographical distribution of trade and the nature of trade specialization on the basis of the Grubel-Lloyd Intra-Industry Trade index and Marginal Intra-Industry Trade Indices. The results indicate that Slovenian agricultural and food trade largely remains of the inter-industry type with specialisation of exports towards the former Yugoslav markets and imports from the European Union. The proportion of intra-industry trade was especially low for bulk commodities with little or no processing. A major explanations for these findings is that despite the "free" trade agreements Slovenia signed with the EU and countries of Central and Eastern Europe the level of protection in the agricultural and food sector has remained rather high. Due to EU membership Slovenia faces now direct competition in a market of 25 countries. This intensifies the restructuring process in the Slovenian agricultural and food sector. Due to the present low level of IIT this likely induces rather high adjustment costs since restructuring and reallo-cation of factors will have to occur between and not within industries.