Suchergebnisse

Przedmiotem prezentowanych badań są organy administracji rządowej biorące udział w przygotowaniu i realizacji współczesnej polityki migracyjnej w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest ich ustalenie i określenie kompetencji w zakresie polityki migracyjnej. W osiągnięciu tego zadania wykorzystano głównie metodę instytucjonalno-prawną oraz decyzyjną i porównawczą. Cechą charakterystyczną polityki migracyjnej w Polsce jest to, że mimo, iż biorą w niej udział różne podmioty, to kluczową rolę odgrywają właśnie orany administracji rządowej. W polskiej administracji rządowej nie ma jednak jednej instytucji, która zajmowałaby się całością problematyki dotyczącej polityki migracyjnej. Funkcjonuje tu wiele podmiotów, które prowadzą działania dotyczące różnych aspektów tej polityki – głównie bezpieczeństwa, ochrony granic, rynku pracy, polityki polonijnej. Niektóre mają podobne zadania, czego konsekwencją jest to, że ich działania nie zawsze są ze sobą dobrze skoordynowane. Ta wielość instytucji rządowych angażujących się w politykę migracyjną w Polsce może także tworzyć konkurencję między nimi oraz różne podejście do problematyki migracji. Powstanie niektórych z tych podmiotów było spowodowane pojawieniem się nowych, istotnych w tej materii wydarzeń (kryzys migracyjny i związana z tym relokacja, masowy napływ uchodźców wojennych z Ukrainy). Jak dotychczas głównym podmiotem rządowym tej polityki jest Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji, które postrzega imigrację przez pryzmat bezpieczeństwa państwa.

The main objective of this article is to analyze the situation of the Roma minority in Poland, by presenting its economic situation, access to education, implementation of language rights and the degree of implementation of the principles of equal treatment and prohibition of discrimination in relation to this community. The basis for this is the analysis of the opinions of the Council of Europe Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the reports of the Committee of Experts on the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The main thesis of the work is the statement that in the analyzed period there was an improvement in the situation of the Roma minority in terms of access to education, living conditions and the implementation of language rights. However, the Roma minority is still perceived negatively in Polish society and there are cases of discrimination against it.

The aim of this paper is to indicate the most important factors and circumstances (conditions) influencing the shape of the Polish state migration policy in the analyzed period, as well as to show their interdependence, evolution and the gradation of their impacts on this policy. The main thesis of the work is the statement that the migration situation of Poland, especially recently, is characterized by the high variability, and thus the importance of these conditions has been changing, and they have interacted with each other and evolved.

The nineteen eighties saw more than ten attempts to establish German minority organisations in Poland. These efforts were aimed at the obtaining the Polish authorities' acknowledgement of this minority's existence, a fact which was denied at that time. None of the attempts succeeded. The refusal was justified by a lack of a social basis for the existence, of such an organisation, as well as by concerns that it might endanger security and public order. The organisers were met with harassment and were forced to emigrate from Poland. Despite these setbacks in the second half of the eighties, these initiatives did not fade out; they just changed their nature. The formation of German 'friendship circles' began. They operated on an informal basis, without applying for registration and approval on the part of the authorities. Their main objective was to stimulate and develop the German national consciousness among those people who declared themselves to be ethnically German. It was more difficult for the authorities to oppose activities of this kind among the Germans in Poland; nevertheless, they still attempted to block any and every manifestation of the German minority, both by way of administrative measures and by exerting pressure on specific individuals. The liberalisation of the Act on Associations of 1989 brought no progress and neither did subsequent attempts aimed obtaining legal status for an organisation, which were supported by an action whereby signatures were collected on the lists of persons of German origin. The situation was not to change until after Chancellor Helmut Kohl's visit in November that year. It was only then, when the Polish authorities acknowledged the existence of a German minority in Poland, that its legal organisational life began.

This article aims to present and analyse the assessment of the ethnic policy of the Polish state made on the basis of the Fourth Opinion on Poland of the Advisory Committee of the Council of Europe on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and on the basis of the Third Report of the Committee of Experts on the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The main thesis of the work is the statement that although the ethnic policy of the Polish state has not changed in the analyzed period, some actions of the Polish authorities testify to their certain unfavorability towards the extension of the rights of national minorities, and even in some cases the desire to reduce these rights. The article uses a number of research methods. The most important of them are institutional and legal analysis, factorial method and comparative method.