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In the middle of the fifteenth century, the economy of north-east England was beset by crises: population was low, production was stagnant and many landowners faced penury. By the end of the sixteenth century, however, the precocious development of the coal industry and high levels of inflation provided opportunities for investment and profit in the Durham countryside. This book examines the development of agrarian capitalism; estate management; tenure and the land market; social mobility; the gentrification of merchant wealth and the emergence of the yeomanry during this period in the region. It looks at such questions as how the coal industry was affected by the fifteenth-century recession and the effects its rapid expansion had upon landed society; reasseses debates on the rise of the gentry and the 'crisis' of the aristocracy; and considers how the wholesale economic changes of this period affected the social structure of late-medieval and early-modern England. Although this period is often seen as a transitional era, this book argues that it needs to be studied as one long agrarian cycle, showing the degree to which patterns of landholding fixed during the fifteenth-century recession affected the distribution of profits between different types of lords and tenants in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. A.T. Brown is an Addison Wheeler Fellow at Durham University

This article explores how far estate management and institutional constraints help to explain the transformations of rural society inEngland from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries. The monks ofDurhamCathedralPriory and the bishops ofDurham faced many of the same exogenous pressures in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries but they responded differently to these challenges. By the seventeenth century all of the dean and chapter's lands were consolidated holdings on 21‐year leases, whereas a confused mixture of copyhold and leasehold land had developed on the bishops' estate. This had a significant impact upon the challenges and opportunities facing their tenants. Institutional constraints were often crucial factors in the transformation of the English countryside: these two neighbouring ecclesiastical estates faced broadly the same problems and yet the composition of their estates diverged significantly across this period, having a profound effect not only on levels of rent, but also on the tenure of holdings and ultimately their relative size; three of the most important factors in the formation of agrarian capitalism. This article also argues that how rural society adapted to the fifteenth‐century recession greatly affected the ability of their sixteenth‐century counterparts to respond to inflation.

This open access book helps readers combine history, politics, and ethics to address the most pressing problem facing the world today: environmental survival. In A Climate of Justice, Marvin Brown connects the environmental crisis to basic questions of economic, social, and racial justice. Brown shows how our current social climate maintains systemic injustices, and he uncovers resources for change through a civic ethics of repair and reciprocity. A must-read for researchers and educators in the area of environmental ethics and those teaching courses in the fields of public policy and environmental sustainability. With the support of more than 30 libraries, the LYRASIS United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Fund has enabled this publication related to SDG13 (Climate Action) to be available fully open access.

When twelve-year-old Waka's parents suspect she can't understand basic Japanese they speak to her, they make the drastic decision to send her to Tokyo to live for several months with her strict grandmother. Forced to say goodbye to her friends and what would have been her summer vacation, Waka is plucked from her straight-A-student life in rural Kansas and flown across the globe, where she faces the culture shock of a lifetime. In Japan, Waka struggles with reading and writing in kanji, doesn't quite mesh with her complicated and distant Obaasama, and gets made fun of by the students in her Japanese public-school classes. Even though this is the country her parents came from, Waka has never felt more like an outsider. If she's always been the "smart Japanese girl" in America but is now the "dumb foreigner" in Japan, where is home? And who will Waka be when she finds it?

Introduction to Racial Equity -- Track 1. The Trump Card -- Track 2: This Is America -- Track 3: The "Negro Invasion" -- Track 4: Ongoing Historical Trauma -- Track 5: Black Neighborhood Destruction -- Track 6: Make Black Neighborhoods Matter -- Track 7: Healing the Black Butterfly -- Track 8: Outro: Organize!

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Prologue -- Introduction: A Puzzling Journey -- 1 Baby Bubba -- 2 The Preacher -- 3 "Language of the Unheard" -- 4 Taking Poor Black People Seriously -- 5 "I Am a Man" -- 6 "Hell No, We Won't Go!" -- 7 Battling on the Inside -- 8 Taking the Battle to the Outside -- 9 Black Is Beautiful -- 10 Anti-Semite? -- 11 Saddam Hussein -- 12 Cold Pizza -- 13 Like Father, Like Son -- Conclusion: "Carry On . . . and Kick Up Some Dust" -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y.

Baby bubba -- The preacher -- "Language of the unheard" -- Taking poor black people seriously -- "I am a man" -- "Hell no, we won't go!" -- Battling on the inside -- Taking the battle to the outside -- Black is beautiful -- Anti-Semite? -- Saddam Hussein -- Cold pizza -- Like father, like son.

Baby bubba -- The preacher -- "Language of the unheard" -- Taking poor black people seriously -- "I am a man" -- "Hell no, we won't go!" -- Battling on the inside -- Taking the battle to the outside -- Black is beautiful -- Anti-Semite? -- Saddam Hussein -- Cold pizza -- Like father, like son.

Frontmatter -- Table of Contents -- Prologue -- Introduction: A Puzzling Journey -- 1. Baby Bubba -- 2. The Preacher -- 3. "Language of the Unheard" -- 4. Taking Poor Black People Seriously -- 5. "I Am a Man" -- 6. "Hell No, We Won't Go!" -- 7. Battling on the Inside -- 8. Taking the Battle to the Outside -- 9. Black Is Beautiful -- 10. Anti-Semite? -- 11. Saddam Hussein -- 12. Cold Pizza -- 13. Like Father, Like Son -- Conclusion: "Carry On . . . and Kick Up Some Dust" -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index

The purpose of this book is to examine John Boyd's early life and military career, outlining how he exhibited his personal drive to be useful and how he applied it from the open skies of aerial combat to the halls of the Pentagon. It also discusses his first glimmerings of a grander idea of conflict, developed from several insights gleaned through decades of military service. From there, it outlines the Marine Corps' tradition of adapting to remain useful and places it in the context of an institutional realization that the post-Vietnam world required another adaptive leap to retain its advertised utility. It continues with a discussion of initial attempts by Marines and interested civilians to find answers to two key questions--what was the Corps' role in the new threat environment, and what organizing principle should it use to fulfill this role--and concludes with the initial discussions about the maneuver warfare concept, which a handful of thinkers believed was the answer to those questions. The book then returns to Boyd and his development of the ideas on conflict that would become the intellectual foundation of maneuver warfare. It illustrates the key events that ultimately led him to create a mental framework for conceptualizing survival and decision making as described in his essay, "Destruction and Creation," and then applying that framework to the realm of warfare in "Patterns of Conflict." After summarizing the central insights from those two works, it explains general misconceptions about each that arose as Boyd's theories gained a wider audience and shows how the ideas from "Patterns of Conflict" became enmeshed with the debate about maneuver warfare.--Provided by publisher.

Ecclesiastical responses to the fifteenth-century recession -- Path dependency on the eclesiastical estates in the sixteenth century -- The great lay landowners -- The fortunes of the gentry -- The influx of 'new' wealth -- The rise of the church leaseholder -- Diverging experiences: yeomen and smallholders