Suchergebnisse

This article examines the nature and degree of spatial integration across generations among young adults of Mexican origin in metropolitan Los Angeles. Drawing on a new, unique data set that covers more than four generations of persons of Mexican origin, the research tests the extent to which residential settlement patterns follow two potential trajectories: one specified by a model of traditional spatial assimilation, which views economic and ethnic integration as increasing steadily across generations, or a new model of delayed spatial assimilation, which depicts residential mobility as stalling for a generation or more, in part because of intergenerational family obligations up through the second generation. While individual–level socioeconomic characteristics tend to rise uniformly in support of the classic assimilation model, neighborhood–level evidence shows that substantial spatial integration does not emerge until the third generation—a finding supporting the delayed assimilation model. Also, generational differences in the proportion Anglo of respondents' neighborhoods outpace differences in median income. These results are consistent with the idea that delayed spatial assimilation involves an additional early phase of incorporation for those of Mexican origin.

Prior research has examined the incorporation outcomes among unauthorized migrants after implementation of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA). However, few studies have evaluated how legalization opportunities produce gendered outcomes among the second-generation children of unauthorized immigrants. We examine the association of legalization opportunities provided through IRCA with the years of schooling attained by the sons and daughters of Mexican American immigrants. By distinguishing likely eligibility for one of two programs implemented under IRCA—the Legally Authorized Workers and Special Agricultural Workers programs—we consider whether type of legalization program matters by assessing gender differences in schooling among children of Mexican immigrants. Although legalization provides a substantial educational premium for the children of Mexican immigrants regardless of gender, the size of the legalization premium is smaller, on average, for sons than daughters. The advantage to daughters is especially notable among those with parents eligible for the Special Agricultural Workers program. We consider these findings in the context of theories of immigrant incorporation and intergenerational mobility.

Africa: 1. African Island Migration: I. Walker -- 2. Southern African Migration: E. Campbell -- 3. Trans-Saharan Slave Trade: M. Kehinde -- 4. Western African Migration: P. Adebusoye -- Asylees: 5: Asylum and Human Rights: T. Southerden -- 6: Asylum and Language Analysis: P. Patrick -- 7: Gender and Asylum: A. Shuman, C. Bohmer -- 8: Medical and Psychological Evidence of Trauma in Asylum Cases: S. Berthold -- 9: Refugee Roulette: J. Ramji-Nogales, P. Schrag, A. Schoenholtz -- 10: Relationship Between Asylum and Trafficking: J. Gauci -- 11: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Asylum: R. Lewis -- Contexts of Migration: 12: Changing Contexts: From Multiculturalism to Transnationalism? S. Castles -- 13: Citizenship in the Context of Immigration – Comparative Perspectives: T. Faist, K. Schmidt-Verkerk, C. Ulbricht -- 14: Group-specific Effects of Contexts of Migration: S. Model -- 15: Migration, Diversity, and the Welfare State: K. Banting -- 16: Role of Contexts and Political Culture in Political Incorporation: A Case Study of Chilean Migration to Toronto: P. Landolt -- Human Trafficking: 17: Child Trafficking: W. Adelson -- 18: Human Trafficking: F. Sarrica -- 19: Human Trafficking Policy Responses: K. Sreeharsha -- 20: Labor Trafficking: M. Barnhart -- 21: Migration Industries, Legal Services, and Human Smuggling: D. Kyle -- 22: Sex Trafficking: G. Chang -- Internal Migration: Shorter Distance: 23: Gentrification: J. Brueckner -- 24: Intrametropolitan Population Distribution: L.Quillian -- 25: Local Mobility: W. Clark -- 26: Migration-Defining Boundary: M. White -- 27: Place Utility: D. López-Carr, D. Phillips -- Labor Market Context of Immigrant Reception: 28: Labor Migration Policies: A Typology: H. Kolb -- 29: Labor-Market Shifts and Immigration: J. Gagnon -- 30: Trade Unions, Immigration, and Migrant Workers: J.Roosblad, S. Maroni, R. Penninx -- Legalization and Citizenship of Immigrants: 31: Dual/Multiple Citizenship: S. Wallace Goodman,- 32: Naturalization: S. Wallace Goodman -- Measurements of Internal and International Migration: 33: Age, Period, and Cohort Effects: C. Altman -- 34: Dual-System Estimation: P.Cantwell -- 35: Duration of Residence Measurement: I. Redstone Akresh, D. Massey -- 36: Ethnographic Analysis: D. Fitzgerald -- 37: Indirect Methods for Estimating Internal Migration: R. Winkler, K. Curtis -- 38: Measuring Internal Migration Prospectively Using Longitudinal Data: R. Olsen, E. Cooksey -- 39: Measuring Internal Migration: Retrospective Self-Report: M. Hall -- 40: Methods for Estimating International Migration: M. Scopilliti, K. West, J. Devine -- 41: Using Registration Data to Measure International and Internal Migration in the European Union: S. Makaryan -- Oceania: 42: Gold Rushes (Australia): J. Jupp -- 43: Pacific Island Countries and Migration: C. Voigt-Graf -- Permanence of Migration: 44: Points-Based Immigration: M. Sumption -- 45:Temporary Labor Migration: C. Foulkes -- Population and Migration: 46: Fertility of Immigrants: S. Dubuc -- Refugees: 47: Forced Migration: Global Trends and Explanations: J. Hein, T. Niazi -- 48: Refugee Integration: Issues and Challenges: T. Majka, L. Majka -- 49: Refugee Mental Health: Child and Adolescent Refugees: E. Rothe, A. Pumariega, H. Castillo-Matos -- 50: Refugees Defined: P. Rose -- Settlement and Integration Policies: 51: Cultural Diversity: The Australian Social Cohesion Surveys: A. Markus -- 52: Jewish Diaspora: S. Rutland -- 53: White Australia Policy: G.Tavan -- Skill Level of Migrants: 54: High-Skilled Migration: R. Iredale -- 55: Labor Migration: M. Sinning, M. Tani.-56: Reservation Wages and Immigrants: M. Sinning.

Huntingtons claim that Mexicans are not assimilating is largely based on data from research literature. The authors examine the adequacy of this evidence, the assumptions it rests on, & question whether it is true that Mexicans do not assimilate. Many persons coming to the US are illegal & have low levels of education. However, many change their illegal status to legal permanent residence status, an important step to political integration. In turn, this affords the children of immigrants greater opportunities for education & academic advancement, whereas staying illegal hampers the education of their children. The authors conclude that examining education in the second generation shows upward economic mobility leading to optimism about the incorporation prospects of the children of recent Mexican immigrants. References. E. Sanchez

This research compares cities between and within the United States and Europe with respect to their dimensionality and degree of immigrant incorporation. Based on theoretical perspectives about immigrant incorporation, structural differentiation and national incorporation regimes, we hypothesize that more inclusionary (MI) cities will show more dimensions of incorporation and more favorable incorporation outcomes than less inclusionary (LI) places, especially in regard to labor market and spatial variables. We use data from recent major surveys of young adult second-generation groups carried out in Los Angeles, New York, and 11 European cities to assess these ideas. The findings indicate that second-generation immigrants in New York (MI) and in European MI places (i.e. cities in the Netherlands, Sweden and France) show greater dimensionality of incorporation (and thus by implication more pathways of advancement) respectively than is the case in Los Angeles (LI) or in European LI places (i.e. cities in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland). We discuss the significance of these results for understanding how the structures of opportunity confronting immigrants and their children in various places make a difference for the nature and extent of their integration.

This article assesses the labor market implications of less-skilled migration to the United States. It emphasizes how recent social, demographic, and economic trends have reduced the availability of less-skilled native workers, while new low-education immigrant workers compete with other less-skilled immigrants for available low-skilled jobs. Declines in native fertility to substantially below replacement levels, together with native educational upgrading, have substantially reduced the size of the less-skilled native-born labor pool in the past 30 years, even below the level of need. This trend cannot be explained by declines in low-skilled manufacturing employment. Other factors also serve to exacerbate the size of the shortfall in the availability of less-skilled natives, including mismatches in the locations of low-education natives and less-skilled jobs. Nativity differences in health, physical disability, and substance abuse also operate to widen the gap. The resulting void has largely been filled by increasing numbers of less-skilled immigrant workers. These patterns underscore the need for public policies that provide both less-skilled labor and reductions in social and economic inequalities in the United States.