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This study analyzed the role of women fish mongers in the commercialization of periwinkle in Bonny local government Area of River state Nigeria. Specifically, it identified the socio-economic characteristics of women fish mongers. Examined the profitability of periwinkle marketing identified the marketing channel and of the respondent in the commercialization of periwinkle. Plus, it identified the constraints facing the women fish mongers. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 100 women fish mongers from whom date were elicited using questionnaires. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, farm budget technique and multiple regression technique. Result showed that, 37% of the respondents were mostly within the age range of 31 – 40, entries on the married: also, a 42% advantage. meanwhile, majority of 59% had a household size of 5-8, and the mean household size stood at 8. However, 62% of the respondent registered a startup capital ranging from 2.000 4.000. the study revealed that on the average, the women fish monger in Bonny local Government Area enjoyed a net farm income (NFI) of 226,395.00 per annum (i.e. an NFI 18866.25 of per annum. The OLS multiple regression result showed that only the ages and the years of periwinkle marketing in bonny local government/non-government organization should provide founds through formal financial institution and cooperative bodies to enable the women fish mongers have access to capital or affordable credit facilities readily.

Background and aims: Genome size varies considerably across the diversity of plant life. Although genome size is, by definition, affected by genetic presence/absence variants, which are ubiquitous in population sequencing studies, genome size is often treated as an intrinsic property of a species. Here, we studied intra- and interspecific genome size variation in taxonomically complex British eyebrights (Euphrasia, Orobanchaceae). Our aim is to document genome size diversity and investigate underlying evolutionary processes shaping variation between individuals, populations and species. Methods: We generated genome size data for 192 individuals of diploid and tetraploid Euphrasia and analysed genome size variation in relation to ploidy, taxonomy, population affiliation and geography. We further compared the genomic repeat content of 30 samples. Key results: We found considerable intraspecific genome size variation, and observed isolation-by-distance for genome size in outcrossing diploids. Tetraploid Euphrasia showed contrasting patterns, with genome size increasing with latitude in outcrossing Euphrasia arctica, but with little genome size variation in the highly selfing Euphrasia micrantha. Interspecific differences in genome size and the genomic proportions of repeat sequences were small. Conclusions: We show the utility of treating genome size as the outcome of polygenic variation. Like other types of genetic variation, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, genome size variation may be affected by ongoing hybridization and the extent of population subdivision. In addition to selection on associated traits, genome size is predicted to be affected indirectly by selection due to pleiotropy of the underlying presence/absence variants. ; A.D.T. is supported by NERC research grants NE/L011336/1 and NE/N006739/1. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is supported by the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division. J.P. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal Fellowship (RYC-2017–2274) funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Gobierno de España). ; Issue Cover Volume 128Issue 5 8 October 2021 Article Contents Abstract INTRODUCTION METHODS The study system Population and species-level genome size variation Population sampling Genome size measurements Repeat content variation Sequence data generation Repeat content Statistical analyses Data availability RESULTS Population and species-level genome size variation Variation in genomic repeat content DISCUSSION Genome size variation mirrors population genetic patterns Genome size differences and genomic repeats Evolution of genome size variation SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FUNDING LITERATURE CITED Supplementary data