The European Parliament adopted the Directive 2014/56/EU amending the Directive 2006/43/EC on every statutory audit in the EU and the Regulation (EU) No. 537/2014 containing requirements that relate specifically to statutory audit of public interest entities. One of the main issues imposed by the new audit Directive and Regulation is introducing and harmonizing measures against statutory auditors and audit firms. This new audit legislative impose harmonized administrative pecuniary sanction on statutory auditors, audit firms and public interest entities for identified infringements of the rules. Member States should apply identical criteria when determining the sanction to be imposed with the possibility of withdrawing the approval of the statutory auditor or audit firm concerned. In that sense, the aim of this paper is to investigate the auditor's liability according to the existing regulatory framework in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the legal consequences for infringements of the rules. In addition, this paper presents comparative overview of the solutions for audit infringements adopted by the selected European Union Member States that have already transposed the new audit regulation into national legislation.
Statutory audit is designated to protect the public interest and has a significant impact on the overall economy. There are concerns that the Big Four audit firms have become too dominant and that the collapse of one of these firms would disrupt the whole financial system. In terms of revenues received, the total market share of the Big Four audit firms for listed companies exceeds 90% in a vast majority of European Union Member States. Prior studies have shown that high audit market concentration limits the choice of auditor for large companies and sets a high barrier of entry for mid-tier audit firms, while the effect on audit quality and audit fees is still unclear. Therefore, the regulators are considering reforms to dilute the Big Four's dominance and improve competition in the audit market. The paper reviews the proposed and implemented measures that are the most common, together with their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, the characteristics of the audit market in Croatia are investigated, with a focus on market concentration measured by standard measures such as the Concentration rate, the Herfindahl Hirschman Index and the Gini coefficient. According to market shares based on total clients' assets and revenues, the audit market for listed companies is moderately to highly concentrated, with a decrease in the five-year period (2013 compared to 2008).
Statutory audit is designated to protect the public interest and has a significant impact on the overall economy. There are concerns that the Big Four audit firms have become too dominant and that the collapse of one of these firms would disrupt the whole financial system. In terms of revenues received, the total market share of the Big Four audit firms for listed companies exceeds 90% in a vast majority of European Union Member States. Prior studies have shown that high audit market concentration limits the choice of auditor for large companies and sets a high barrier of entry for mid-tier audit firms, while the effect on audit quality and audit fees is still unclear. Therefore, the regulators are considering reforms to dilute the Big Four's dominance and improve competition in the audit market. The paper reviews the proposed and implemented measures that are the most common, together with their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, the characteristics of the audit market in Croatia are investigated, with a focus on market concentration measured by standard measures such as the Concentration rate, the Herfindahl Hirschman Index and the Gini coefficient. According to market shares based on total clients' assets and revenues, the audit market for listed companies is moderately to highly concentrated, with a decrease in the five-year period (2013 compared to 2008).
Izvještavanje poduzeća je jedan od glavnih mehanizama korporativnoga upravljanja. Postavlja se pitanje kako obilježja poduzeća utječu na razinu dobrovoljnoga objavljivanja. Cilj rada je istražiti smjer i jakost povezanosti između profitabilnosti i zaduženosti poduzeća te razine i kvalitete dobrovoljno objavljenih informacija. Pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja je pokazao da su istraživači došli do različitih zaključaka o povezanosti između navedenih varijabli. Međutim, može se očekivati da su poduzeća sklonija dobrovoljno objavljivati informacije koje im idu u prilog, odnosno izbjegavati informacije koje im mogu naštetiti. Zato se polazi od pretpostavki da profitabilnija poduzeća objavljuju više dobrovoljnih informacija s namjerom privlačenja investitora, kao i da zaduženija poduzeća objavljuju manje dobrovoljnih informacija. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku 40 srednjih i velikih poduzeća registriranih u Republici Hrvatskoj uz primjenu regresijske analize. Zavisna varijabla je indeks dobrovoljnoga objavljivanja, koji se sastoji od 50 stavki i konstruiran je na temelju prethodnih istraživanja uz modifikaciju na temelju analize sadržaja godišnjih izvješća i ostalih javno objavljenih nefinancijskih izvještaja za 2017. godinu. Glavne nezavisne varijable su povrat na kapital i koeficijent zaduženosti, uz koje su uvrštene kontrolne varijable u obliku veličine poduzeća te vrste revizorskoga društva. Rezultati su pokazali da je smjer povezanosti između zavisne varijable i glavnih nezavisnih varijabli u skladu s postavljenim hipotezama. Drugim riječima, uočena je pozitivna povezanost između povrata na kapital i indeksa objavljivanja, odnosno negativna povezanost između koeficijenta zaduženosti i indeksa objavljivanja. Međutim, povezanost nije statistički značajna uz razinu značajnosti od 5 %. Iako nisu prihvaćene istraživačke hipoteze, provedeno istraživanje je pokazalo da poduzeća u Hrvatskoj shvaćaju važnost transparentnoga izvještavanja. Ograničenje istraživanja sastoji se u djelomično subjektivnom pristupu prilikom analize sadržaja izvještaja i izračunavanja indeksa objavljivanja. Prostor za poboljšanje u budućim istraživanjima ogleda se u povećanju uzorka poduzeća i broju nezavisnih varijabli u regresijskom modelu.
Usually the most important role of language is to facilitate communication, which often proves challenging if the used terminology is inconsistent, complex or not understandable. These issues may especially affect specific language that is characteristic for a certain profession, particularly when the members of the profession communicate the message to the outsiders. Literature review suggests that the accounting terminology may sometimes be perceived as complex or incomprehensible, due to multiple changes and variations of accounting terms. Since there is a lack of research in the field of higher education, a research was conducted with the aim of analyzing accounting terminology used in the higher education institutions in Croatia. Both secondary and primary data were used in the analysis. The secondary data included accounting courses curricula of a sample of higher education institutions in Croatia, which were analyzed in order to explore the consistency of accounting terminology. In addition, the research was supplemented by collecting primary data using questionnaire on the attitudes of students about the complexity of accounting terminology. The analysis of accounting terms used in accounting courses curricula led to a conclusion that the analyzed courses, in most cases, are not harmonized regarding the terminology used. However, these results were expected from the previous research, that showed that the same applies for the Croatian regulatory accounting framework, which is why it was concluded that using different synonyms for the same accounting concepts may be beneficial for students. As for the students' attitudes towards accounting terminology, the students who participated in the research mostly agree that the accounting courses often use different synonyms for the same concept. Although they perceive this as confusing, they are also aware that using multiple synonyms during courses for the same accounting concepts is useful because it serves as a preparation for practice. On the other hand, they mostly disagree with the statement that the accounting terminology is too complex and incomprehensible, which has proved to be influenced by the students' characteristics, such as the type of study program enrolled, year of study, number of accounting courses attended, secondary school type and working experience. This research complements previous research conducted in Croatia in other areas where the accounting terminology is present, such as the legislation or in practice among business professionals, which is its main scientific contribution As for the practical implications, results of the research may serve as an indicator to educators and legislators in their future actions, since the potential problem of inconsistency and complexity of accounting terminology in courses' curricula are a direct consequence of inconsistency and complexity of terminology in accounting legislative.
Usually the most important role of language is to facilitate communication, which often proves challenging if the used terminology is inconsistent, complex or not understandable. These issues may especially affect specific language that is characteristic for a certain profession, particularly when the members of the profession communicate the message to the outsiders. Literature review suggests that the accounting terminology may sometimes be perceived as complex or incomprehensible, due to multiple changes and variations of accounting terms. Since there is a lack of research in the field of higher education, a research was conducted with the aim of analyzing accounting terminology used in the higher education institutions in Croatia. Both secondary and primary data were used in the analysis. The secondary data included accounting courses curricula of a sample of higher education institutions in Croatia, which were analyzed in order to explore the consistency of accounting terminology. In addition, the research was supplemented by collecting primary data using questionnaire on the attitudes of students about the complexity of accounting terminology. The analysis of accounting terms used in accounting courses curricula led to a conclusion that the analyzed courses, in most cases, are not harmonized regarding the terminology used. However, these results were expected from the previous research, that showed that the same applies for the Croatian regulatory accounting framework, which is why it was concluded that using different synonyms for the same accounting concepts may be beneficial for students. As for the students' attitudes towards accounting terminology, the students who participated in the research mostly agree that the accounting courses often use different synonyms for the same concept. Although they perceive this as confusing, they are also aware that using multiple synonyms during courses for the same accounting concepts is useful because it serves as a preparation for practice. On the other hand, they mostly disagree with the statement that the accounting terminology is too complex and incomprehensible, which has proved to be influenced by the students' characteristics, such as the type of study program enrolled, year of study, number of accounting courses attended, secondary school type and working experience. This research complements previous research conducted in Croatia in other areas where the accounting terminology is present, such as the legislation or in practice among business professionals, which is its main scientific contribution As for the practical implications, results of the research may serve as an indicator to educators and legislators in their future actions, since the potential problem of inconsistency and complexity of accounting terminology in courses' curricula are a direct consequence of inconsistency and complexity of terminology in accounting legislative. ; Najvažnija uloga jezika je obično olakšati komunikaciju, što često predstavlja izazov ako je upotrijebljena terminologija nedosljedna, složena ili nerazumljiva. Takvi problemi mogu posebno biti izraženi u slučaju specifičnog jezika koji je karakterističan za određenu profesiju, pogotovo u slučaju kad se zahtijeva komunikacija s osobama koje ne pripadaju toj profesiji. Sukladno pregledu literature, može se doći do zaključka da se računovodstvena terminologija ponekad smatra složenom ili neshvatljivom, primarno zbog čestih promjena ili varijacija korištenih računovodstvenih termina. Budući da je uočen nedostatak sličnih istraživanja u području visokog obrazovanja, provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem analize računovodstvene terminologije koja se koristi u institucijama višeg i visokog obrazovanja u Hrvatskoj. U analizi su korišteni sekundarni i primarni podaci. Sekundarni podaci obuhvaćali su nastavne planove i programe računovodstvenih kolegija institucija višeg i visokog obrazovanja iz uzorka, koji su analizirni kako bi se istražila ujednačenost korištene računovodstvene terminologije. Osim toga, istraživanje je dopunjeno prikupljanjem primarnih podataka pomoću upitnika o stavovima studenata vezano uz složenost računovodstvene terminologije. Analiza termina korištenih u nastavnim planovima i programima dovela je do zaključka da obuhvaćeni računovodstveni kolegiji u većini slučajeva nisu usklađeni po pitanju računovodstvene terminologije. Međutim, takvi rezultati su očekivani zahvaljujući rezultatima prijašnjih istraživanja, koja su pokazala da isto vrijedi i za regulatorni računovodstveni okvir u Hrvatskoj, zbog čega se može zaključiti da korištenje različitih računovodstvenih sinonima tijekom obrazovanja zapravo može biti korisno za studente. Što se tiče stavova studenata o računovodstvenoj terminologiji, pokazalo se da se studenti koji su sudjelovali u istraživanju uglavnom slažu da računovodstveni kolegiji često koriste različite sinonime za isti pojam. Iako im to djeluje zbunjujuće, svjesni su i da je upotreba višestrukih sinonima tijekom nastave korisna jer služi kao priprema za praksu. S druge strane, uglavnom se ne slažu s tvrdnjom da je računovodstvena terminologija presložena ili nerazumljiva, za što se pokazalo da u određenoj mjeri ovisi o njihovim pojedinačnim obilježjima, kao što su vrsta upisanog studija, godina studija, broj odslušanih računovodstvenih kolegija, vrsta pohađane srednje škole te radno iskustvo. Ovo istraživanje nadopunjuje prethodna istraživanja provedena u Hrvatskoj u drugim područjima gdje je prisutna računovodstvena terminologija, kao što su zakonodavstvo ili poslovna praksa, što je glavni znanstveni doprinos rada. Što se tiče praktičnih implikacija, rezultati istraživanja mogu poslužiti kao indikator osobama u obrazovnom sustavu i regulatorima, budući da je potencijalni problem nedosljednosti i složenosti računovodstvene terminologije u nastavnim planovima i programima direktna posljedica nedosljednosti i složenosti računovodstvene terminologije u računovodstvenoj regulativi.
The International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences (ICESS)organized by Bucharest University of Economic Studies provides an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. The papers presented at the Conference are available online in the Conference Proceedings series (ISSN 2704-6524): Volume 2019 Collaborative Research for Excellence in Economics and Social Sciences, ISBN 9788366675322 Volume 2020 Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy, ISBN 9788395815072 This conference provides an opportunity for all those interested in Economics and Social Sciences to discuss and exchange research ideas. We welcome both empirical and theoretical work that is broadly consistent with the conference' general theme. Especially, researchers, PhD students and practitioners are invited to submit papers on the topics related to new models in entrepreneurship and innovation, sustainability and education, data science and digitalization, marketing and finance, Fintech & Insurtech etc. that will develop innovative instruments for countries, businesses and education. The innovative models for sustainable development aim to ensure simultaneous economic development, social development, and environmental protection, to achieve a higher quality of life for all people and protect all living beings and the planet. The main topics of the conference are focused on but not limited to the following sections: Fintech & Insurtech - towards a sustainable financial environment The role of innovation in public and private organizations Financial perspectives in turbulent times Global Challenges for Agri-Food Systems and Sustainable Development Economic Policies for Non-Cyclical Crises Education for Sustainable Development: impact of universities on society Marketing and Sustainability The role of accounting in Sustainable Development Global world after crisis: towards a new economic model Sustainability for future business Current challenges within demographic data: measurement, collection, retrieval, analysis and reporting We welcome you to join us for two intensive days of plenary speeches and specialized parallel sessions debates that will result in high quality practical insights and networking. Scientific CommitteeACELEANU Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaALBU Lucian, Academia Romana, RomaniaANGHEL Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaARROYO GALLARDO Javier, Complutense University of Madrid, SpainAUSLOOS Marcel, Leicester University, United KingdomBEGALLI Diego, University of Verona, ItalyBELLINI Francesco, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyBRATOSIN Ștefan, Universite Montpellier 3, FranceCABANIS Andre, Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole, FranceCASTERAN Herbert, EM Strasbourg University, FranceCENȚIU Silvian, Retina Communications, San Francisco, USACERQUETI Roy, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyCHAVEZ Gilbert, Globis University Tokyo, JapanCOSTICÃ Ionela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaCOX Michael, London School of Economics, England, UKD'ASCENZO Fabrizio, Sapienza University of Rome, ItalyDIMA Alina Mihaela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaDÂRDALÃ Marian, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaDUMITRESCU Dan Gabriel, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaDUMITRU Ovidiu, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaFELEAGÃ Liliana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaFONSECA Luis Miguel, Polytechnic of Porto, PortugalGARCÍA-GOÑI Manuel, Universitad Complutense de Madrid, SpainGIUDICI Paolo, The University of Pavia, ItalyGRUBOR Aleksandar, University of Novi Sad, SerbiaHÄRDLE Wolfgang Karl, Humboldt University of Berlin, GermanyHURDUZEU Gheorghe, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaISTUDOR Nicolae, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaKOKUSHO Kyoko, IBM Tokyo, JapanLOMBARDI Mariarosaria, University of Foggia, ItalyMEHMANPAZIR Babak, EM Strasbourg University, FranceMIRON Dumitru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaNABIRUKHINA Anna Vadimovna, Saint Petersburg State University, RussiaNICA Elvira, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaNIJKAMP Peter, Jeronimus Academy of Data Science Den Bosch, NetherlandsNOVO CORTI Maria Isabel, Universidade da Coruña, SpainORDÓÑEZ MONFORT Javier, Jaume I University, SpainPANETTA Roberto, Bocconi University, ItalyPARASCHIV Dorel Mihai, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaPICATOSTE Xose, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, SpainPIROȘCÃ Grigore, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaPOINT Sébastien, EM Strasbourg University, FrancePOPA Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaPROFIROIU Marius Constantin, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaRICHMOND Peter, Trinity College Dublin, IrelandSÂRBU Roxana, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaSINGER Slavica, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, CroatiaSMEUREANU Ion, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaSTAMULE Tãnase, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaSTATE Radu, University of Luxembourg, LuxembourgSTOIAN Mirela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaSTRAT Vasile Alecsandru, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaSTREET Donna, University of Dayton, USATEIXEIRA DOMINGUES José Pedro, University of Minho, PortugalȚIGU Gabriela, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaVALDEBENITO Carlos Ramirez, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, ChileVEGHEȘ Cãlin Petricã, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, RomaniaVERHOEF Peter, University of Groningen, NetherlandsVOLKMANN Christine Katharina, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, GermanyWALTER FARKAS Erich, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandWIERENGA Berend, Rotterdam School of Management, NetherlandsWOODS Michael, University of Aberystwyth, Wales, UKZIMMERMANN Klaus F., Bonn University (em.) end Global Labor Organization, Germany Open Access Statement These conference proceedings are Open Access proceedings that allow a free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Open Access License These conference proceedings provide immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0. Authors who publish with these proceedings retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. ABSTRACTING & INDEXING Innovative Models to Revive the Global Economy is covered by the following services: Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB) EBSCO Discovery Service Google Scholar Naviga (Softweco) Primo Central (ExLibris) ReadCube Summon (ProQuest) TDOne (TDNet) WorldCat (OCLC)