Suchergebnisse

En el Mercosur, la libre circulación de personas se expresó como fin en el Tratado de Asunción de 1991. Para alcanzarlo, se generaron diversas instancias institucionales que dieron lugar a acuerdos de importante consideración. En ellos se evidencian avances y retrocesos, explicados desde distintas perspectivas. Sin embargo, ninguna de estas explicaciones tiene en cuenta la influencia clave de los contextos globales y regionales en su desarrollo. La regionalización e internacionalización de las políticas migratorias multiplicó la cantidad de actores e intereses participantes en los procesos de elaboración de las mismas, complejizándolos. Por lo tanto, para poder comprender el grado de avance de estas políticas se requiere un análisis multinivel que incluya la participación de estos actores y la influencia de los contextos nacionales, regionales e internacionales. Este trabajo estudia los factores políticos y normativos, nacionales regionales y globales, que pueden influenciar los movimientos poblacionales internacionales. Su objetivo es analizar la formulación, desarrollo y alcance de las políticas referentes a la movilidad regional de las personas en y del bloque adoptadas en el Mercosur; así como los factores que explican dicho desarrollo durante el período 1991-2012. Para esto, se indaga sobre los intereses, ideas y poder relativo de los actores participantes en la formulación de las normas (o sus propuestas) y el modelo al que responde el proceso de integración. Así, se estudia el contenido del proceso de coordinación de políticas regionales para la movilidad de las personas. Para ello, esta investigación realiza: en primer lugar, una descripción de las características particulares de las políticas que regulan la movilidad de las personas en el Mercosur y de su proceso de formulación en el período 1991-2012. Luego, una indagación sobre el modo en que han impactado las medidas adoptadas en el bloque en la circulación de las personas en dicho espacio. También, una vinculación de las formas y el contenido de estas políticas con a) las normas y los actores nacionales (nivel doméstico) b) el proceso de toma de decisiones en el Mercosur y el modelo de integración (nivel regional) y c) las tendencias en pos de la internacionalización y regionalización de las políticas para la movilidad de las personas (nivel internacional). Finalmente, una identificación, análisis e incidencia del rol desempeñado por los actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales involucrados en la formulación de las políticas. Este trabajo destaca que las decisiones en las áreas de integración regional y migratoria son el resultado de una compleja interacción entre actores que detentan diversos intereses y recursos; y contextos y tendencias político-ideológicas. Esta interacción se da en tres niveles: internacional, regional y nacional. Como resultado, las políticas regionales en materia migratoria están fragmentadas en una serie de normas que tienden a regular cuestiones "técnicas". El fin de esto es resguardar la soberanía estatal, siendo una de las áreas en la que se evidencia una mayor reticencia a la adopción de normas comunes. In Mercosur, the free movement of persons was stated as an objective of the Asunción Treaty, in 1991. In order to achieve this objective, the Regional Integration Process created institutions that led to important agreements. These agreements achieved progress on certain fronts and also suffered setbacks. However, these outcomes do not take the key influence of global and regional scenarios in the development of migratory policies into account. The regionalization and internationalization of migration policies multiplied the amount of actors and interests taking part in policymaking processes, therefore adding to the complexity. In order to understand the development of migratory policies, a multi-level analysis of these distinct actors from a national, regional and international perspective is necessary. This thesis studies the regional, national and global, political factors that can influence the international movement of people. Its objective is to analyze the formation, development and reach of the policies regarding the regional mobility of people within Mercosur, as well as the factors that explain this development during the period 1991-2012. To this end, we explore the interests, ideas and power of the actors that took part in the writing of the norms (or their proposals) and the model to which the integration process conforms. In this manner, we study the content of the coordination process for regional policies for the movement of people. To achieve this aim, this investigation creates: firstly, a description of the policies that regulate the movement of the people and their formulation in Mercosur during the period 1991-2012. Secondly, an inquiry regarding the impact of the movement of people within the bloc. Also, a link to the forms and content of these policies with a) the norms and national actors (domestic level) b) the decision making process in Mercosur and the integration model (regional level) and c) the tendencies towards the internationalization and regionalization of the polices for the movement of people (international level). Lastly, an identification, analysis and advocacy of the role played by governmental and non-governmental actors involved in the formulation of these policies. This document emphasizes the view that the decisions in the areas of regional integration and migration are the result of a complex interaction amongst actor that hold diverse interests and resources; and among differing political-ideological contexts and tendencies. This interaction takes place at three levels: international, regional and national. As a result, the regional policies regarding migration are fragmented into a series of norms that tend to regulate "technical" matters. The purpose of these is to safeguard the sovereignty of the state, because this is an area of great reluctance towards the adoption of common standards.

During the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, (im)mobility policies affected individuals' citizenship rights and movement within countries and across international borders. Prior to the pandemic, the mobility regime in South America was relatively open for regional migrants, bolstered on free residence and equal rights. In this analysis, we focus on human mobility and citizenship rights in South America by examining local and national government responses to Covid-19 between March and August 2020. Using databases, newspaper columns, government websites, and legislation, we outline the region's travel restrictions and exceptions, closures and militarization of borders, internal movement procedures, and economic subsidies to ease Covid-19's impact. While the regional mobility regime had already been under stress since 2015, exceptions to border closures and internal mobility further stratified people based on legal and economic statuses. Deeply affecting individual-state relations, access to mobility and citizenship rights such as labor, housing, and healthcare varied between nationals and non-nationals and between regular and irregular migrants. Reactions may have longer term effects, especially for Venezuelans, since the crisis created new inequalities and contradictions within the regional mobility regime, originally aimed at reducing them.

During the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, (im)mobility policies affected individuals' citizenship rights and movement within countries and across international borders. Prior to the pandemic, the mobility regime in South America was relatively open for regional migrants, bolstered on free residence and equal rights. In this analysis, we focus on human mobility and citizenship rights in South America by examining local and national government responses to Covid-19 between March and August 2020. Using databases, newspaper columns, government websites, and legislation, we outline the region's travel restrictions and exceptions, closures and militarization of borders, internal movement procedures, and economic subsidies to ease Covid-19's impact. While the regional mobility regime had already been under stress since 2015, exceptions to border closures and internal mobility further stratified people based on legal and economic statuses. Deeply affecting individual-state relations, access to mobility and citizenship rights such as labor, housing, and healthcare varied between nationals and non-nationals and between regular and irregular migrants. Reactions may have longer term effects, especially for Venezuelans, since the crisis created new inequalities and contradictions within the regional mobility regime, originally aimed at reducing them.

During the XXI century, South America has been the epicenter of vibrant discussions on human mobility. A new vocabulary emerged with legal principles such as the non-criminalization of irregular migration or the right to migrate as a fundamental right taking central stage. The combination of the arrival of COVID-19 together with the important emigration of Venezuelans in the region, as well as economic and political crisis are putting into question some of these advances and present a complex scenario of migration governance in the region for the years to come.

Published Online: 20 November 2020 ; During the XXI century, South America has been the epicenter of vibrant discussions on human mobility. A new vocabulary emerged with legal principles such as the non-criminalization of irregular migration or the right to migrate as a fundamental right taking central stage. The combination of the arrival of COVID-19 together with the important emigration of Venezuelans in the region, as well as economic and political crisis are putting into question some of these advances and present a complex scenario of migration governance in the region for the years to come.

This article analyzes the role of the United States during Argentina's 1976–1983 military dictatorship and their genocidal counterinsurgency war. We argue that Washington's policy evolved from the initially loose support of the Ford administration to what we call "the Carter exception" in 1977–79, when the violations of human rights were denounced and concrete measures taken to put pressure on the military to end their repressive campaign. However, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the end of the détente, human rights lost importance in Washington's foreign policy agenda. The Argentine military briefly recovered US support with Ronald Reagan in 1981, only to soon lose it with the Malvinas War. Argentina's defeat turned the page of the US upport to military dictatorships in Latin America and marked the debut of "democracy promotion."

Published Online: 20 June 2018 ; This article analyzes the role of the United States during Argentina's 1976–1983 military dictatorship and their genocidal counterinsurgency war. We argue that Washington's policy evolved from the initially loose support of the Ford administration to what we call 'the Carter exception' in 1977–79, when the violations of human rights were denounced and concrete measures taken to put pressure on the military to end their repressive campaign. However, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the end of the détente, human rights lost importance in Washington's foreign policy agenda. The Argentine military briefly recovered US support with Ronald Reagan in 1981, only to soon lose it with the Malvinas War. Argentina's defeat turned the page of the US support to military dictatorships in Latin America and marked the debut of 'democracy promotion.'

This article analyzes the role of ideas, domestic actors, and international influences in migration policy change (MPCh) in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Building on 67 in-depth interviews with key actors in migration governance, public declarations of government representatives, and relevant legislation, we argue that the increased power of "securitist" actors within national bureaucracies shaped MPCh in all three countries. Between 2015 and 2019, these actors promoted a set of programmatic ideas and policy proposals that linked migration to security issues and distinguished between "good" and "bad" immigrants, emulating Global North countries. This set of ideas resulted in policy change at the country level, but at the same time, national-level policy change coexisted with continuity at the regional level. This article contributes to the literature on migration governance, first, by extending the geographical focus of migration policy studies, which frequently focus on party politics, coalitions, and public opinion, beyond the Global North. Second, we further current explanations of MPCh and policy contradictions by differentiating between continuity and change in programmatic ideas, policy proposals, and public philosophies. Third, we advance the regional migration policy literature by distinguishing between different groups of actors within national bureaucracies and enhancing understanding of these actors' roles at both the national and international levels. Across its sections, this article shows that policy ideas—where and from whom they come—matter. By unpacking the different types of ideas that influence policy shifts and the actors who promote them, we can better understand apparent contradictions in migration policy.

En un contexto internacional en que la globalización afecta los patrones migratorios mundiales en un contexto doméstico en que la democracia se consolida, en 2004 se promulga la Ley de Migraciones 25 871 en Argentina. En este marco, se aborda el rol de la sociedad civil y la influencia de los procesos de democracia participativa en la reformulación de las políticas públicas. A partir del estudio de caso, se toma como referente el debate extraparlamentario que se generó alrededor de dicha ley, analizando sus características, el papel desempeñado por diferentes actores que participaron de los debates y su impacto en la ampliación de derechos de los inmigrantes. Para el análisis, se parte de las teorías que estudian la incorporación de la ciudadanía en la elaboración de políticas públicas y en particular, en la noción de "ciudadanización", intentando dilucidar la relación entre la participación de la sociedad civil y la reformulación de la política migratoria argentina.