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Abstract
This article analyses the production of legality and illegality of refugees and how it is experienced, negotiated, and shape young Palestinian and Syrian refugees' possibilities for development in Jordan and Lebanon. In the two countries, refugees' legal and illegal statuses are produced in the interaction between national and international security- and economic interests. This article discusses the meanings of development associated with protracted displacement. Despite increased emphasis on moving from a humanitarian approach towards development in long-term refugee situations, the experiences of young refugees in Lebanon and Jordan show that the production of legal status hampers the potential for development. This article analyses young people's experience of their legal status by addressing the labour of staying legal, the experience of moving in and out of legality and its impact on education and employment. The analysis shows how the production of (il)legality is a subtracting process that leads to debilitation and constrained agency rather than development. In conclusion, this article thus reflects on the problem of using the development discourse with a humanitarian lens and the need for more critical discussion on the meaning of development in protracted displacement.

This article argues that the political exclusion of displaced people living within states under a variety of humanitarian and policy categories are simultaneously constitutive of mainstream political belonging and social belonging for those excluded. Based on long term research-engagement with displacement in Georgia, Jordan and Sudan, we analyse situations where an initial crisis-based humanitarian status becomes protracted, and in which people are labelled forced migrants as well as citizens, giving rise to tensions with the mainstream but also creating social identities that foster belonging from experiences of exclusion. By analysing these processes as 'abjection' – forms of state control and boundary-making that exclude members from the very thing that requires their inclusion – we show that a type of ambiguous citizenship emerges from protracted situations of displacement. Simultaneously, people 'out of place' but within a state may exclude themselves from full citizenship rights by nurturing an alternative status derived from their experiences with the state or international humanitarian regime. When established and enduring for a lengthy period, these displacement-statuses, we show here, become social categories and identities through processes of abjection. In conclusion we show how citizenship itself becomes ambiguous through norms of belonging, the formation of new social categories and because forced migrants help to constitute the political.

Providing shelter and housing is a core area of humanitarian assistance for displaced populations. Georgia, a former Soviet republic in the South Caucasus, has experienced displacement since the early 1990s, and housing has proved to be politically contentious and a major concern during the 20-year displacement crisis. In Georgia, as elsewhere, homemaking takes place during displacement in dwellings that are temporary and not supposed to last. The article explores the conditions that enable such homemaking and discusses what Iris Marion Young terms "home as a critical value." One trial project is used as an example: the building of 42 small houses, termed "block houses," in Kutaisi, Western Georgia, by the Norwegian Refugee Council in 2002 and 2003. The article explores the relationships and homemaking practices in and around the houses that people have developed since that date. Relative to others, the project has been a positive example of how to enable home as a critical value. The article first defines house-as-home and introduces the case explored; it then discusses internal displacement and "durable housing solutions" in Georgia, before turning to explore how shelter, housing, home, and homemaking can be conceptualized in displacement . By engaging with Iris Marion Young's "home as a critical value," the article analyzes how people have adjusted to and adapted the block houses in Kutaisi to understand the relationship between the houses and the homemaking that takes place within and around them. The concluding section discusses how home as a critical value may help to show the importance of identity and social status for housing strategies in protracted displacement. ; Fournir un lieu d'hébergement et de logement constitue l'un des éléments fondamentaux de l'assistance humanitaire pour personnes déplacées. Située dans le Caucause méridional, l'ancienne république soviétique de Géorgie a subi une crise profonde de déplacement datant du début des années '90—une crise pendant laquelle, sur une ...

The article explores how the dominant discourses of identity politics in the Sri Lankan conflict have silenced people in northern Sri Lanka and closed spaces for political participation. In order to understand the discursive processes and their material outcomes, the article addresses in particular the role of young people in northern Sri Lanka and explores their relationship to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The author examines the LTTE's discourse on gender, young people, nationalism, and governance through the lens of two books written separately by Anthon Balasingham and by Adele Balasingham. Birds of Freedom, the LTTE's women's wing, is shown to be an example of how the warring parties have monopolized liberation discourse through the uncompromised nationalism of a militant movement. The article discusses how this dominant discourse informs young people's lived experiences, material realities, and life opportunities for participation as social actors in their communities in the Jaffna peninsula. A particular feature of people's everyday lives in northern Sri Lanka is described as a complex citizenship characterized by the presence of several governing and uncompromising actors to whom people must relate. The latter part of the article analyzes the way young people in the north of Sri Lanka relate to this context of complex citizenship, with particular reference to the LTTE. (Crit Asian Stud/GIGA)