Suchergebnisse

This paper explores the birth of the state of Israel with particular emphasis on the role of the Zionist ideology. Zionism as an ideology can be seen not only as a singular ideological view, but as a confluence of multiple ideas that trace back to the 19th century and even earlier to the diaspora of the Jewish people. The final product of the Zionist idea is the state of Israel. Great emphasis in this paper Is given to the role of Zionism after the end of World War II, which saw the mass murder of over 6 million Jewish. Zionism posed the dilemma to the Jewish people in the following terms: the creation of a state where Jewish people could have been represented as the majority with their own rules and legislation and the complete assimilation within other countries. In other words, Zionism aimed to give the Jewish people a nationalistic identity and remains a strong factor that influenced the Jewish people within the DP camps in the aftermath of the Second World conflict. The paper begins with the analysis of Zionism as an ideology from the 19th century onward and the conditions of the Jewish people in the aftermath of World War II. These two points are then analysed to demonstrate two main points. The first is the resiliency and adaptability of the Zionist ideology as the only way forward for the Jewish people and second, the status of the Jewish people as "victims" and this idea gave them the freedom to approach the creation of a new society with a general "benevolence" from the international community.

This paper critically assesses and compares the successes and failures of Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs) in negotiating access to humanitarian spaces in two case studies, namely Afghanistan and Iraq. The case studies have been selected due to the nature of the two wars, namely the link to the "War on Terror" declared by President George W. Bush in 2001. As a consequence, the selected cases highlight highly politicized and insecure environments for the NGOs to work in. In terms of successes, the NGOs became more flexible in their organizational structure while solving cases on a day-to-day basis negotiating access with local as well as international actors. However, the nature of the conflicts completely shuttered any opportunity to uphold the principles of impartiality, neutrality and independence. In terms of failures, the case studies point out one of the main and most recurrent dilemmas for the NGOs, namely the lack of legitimacy and independency. As a consequence, many international NGOs engaged in remote projects using local personnel in insecure and dangerous areas lacking tools for monitoring the progresses and successes.

The paper reflects on the impact of the counter-terror agenda on humanitarian actions. It explores the socio-political and legal implications and constraints that Non-Governmental Organisations incur when managing humanitarian projects in critical environments such as Somalia where, an important famine stroke in 2011 as consequence of the counter-terror agenda, insecurity and politicization. In the case of Somalia, Al-Shabaab, a group well-known to the international authority as affiliated to Al-Qaeda was in charge of the area in which the famine stroke. The dilemma to consider in this paper is paper is related to the binomial situation between the people in need and the counter-terrorism strategy against Al-Shabaab.The paper outlines three issues that the humanitarian actors incur, namely structural, operational and of internal nature. These three issues undermines the relationship between the Humanitarian actors and the donors as well as between humanitarian actors and their recipients. At the end, the relationship continues to be highly controversial.

The workplace is, simultaneously, one of the least explored and most important areas where drug and alcohol problems occur. In this article some information on essential Italian features of this experience is collected and presented. According to this information, the nature and extent of drug and alcohol consumption can be considered critical. The characteristics of the Italian situation are outlined from quantitative and legislative points of view with general and contextual considerations. In Italy, prevention efforts and information on alcohol are separated completely from other drugs. This is especially true in the workplace where alcohol-related problems are perceived to be nonexistent. The attitudes of workers' organizations and businesses are presented. In Italy, drug dependence doesn't prejudice one's right to keep his job, even if employees carry out tasks dangerous to their own or other's safety. However, in order to safeguard others, the employer must reassign such employees to other tasks, as provided by law. Furthermore, the introduction of testing in the workplace has been delayed because it appears to imply a conflict between the organization's right to safeguard its interest and the individual's right to privacy.