Suchergebnisse

The particularities in the political development of medieval Anatolia after the arrival of the Seljuq Turks in the eleventh century resulted in a singular scenario in which a long but steady process of Islamization transformed medieval Anatolia with the majority Christian population into a mostly Muslim territory by the end of the fifteenth century. However, this process of conflict and accommodation affected not only the different religions present in the peninsula but also those confessions that coexisted and competed with each another within each of these religions. The religious diversity of the 13th to 15th cent. Anatolia has also reflected its textual production. Several significant works on kalam and fiqh, in addition to a variety of Sufi texts, were produced during this period. These works often deal with dogma, practices or traditions of their religious confession. But, generally, they do not offer much information on other religious confessions. The manuscript held at the Bibliothèque National de France (Supplément Turc 1120) contains a work which has been identified by Osman Turan as the Fustat al-'adala and attributed to a certain Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Khatib. The uniqueness of this work is that a part of it is occupied with describing the different 'heresies' that were present in Anatolia at the time when the author lived, which appears to be during the lifetime of the last Seljuq Sultan of Rum, Ghiyath al-din Mas'ud (d. 1308 AD). This introduction will look at this manuscript from both a codicological and thematic perspective. On the one hand, I will discuss certain aspects related to the production of the codex, its authorship and potential patronage. While on the other, the section on heresies contained in the text will be examined to explore what this work can tell us about the religious environment of medieval Anatolia. ; Особенности политического развития средневековой Анатолии после прихода в XI в. тюрок-салджуков привели к необычному сценарию. По нему, длительный, но неуклонный процесс исламизации превратил средневековую Анатолию с большинством христианского населения в преимущественно мусульманскую территорию к концу XV в. Однако этот процесс конфликта и приспособления затронул не только различные религии на полуострове, но и те конфессии, которые сосуществовали и конкурировали друг с другом в рамках каждой из этих религий. Религиозное разнообразие Анатолии с XIII по XV в. также отражено в текстах. В этот период были написаны значительные работы по каламу и фикху наряду с множеством суфийских текстов. Эти работы часто касаются догм, обычаев или традиций их собственного религиозного исповедания. Но, в общем, они не предлагают что-то информативное о других религиозных конфессиях. Рукопись, хранящаяся в Национальной библиотеке Франции (Supplément Turc 1120), содержит труд, который Осман Туран идентифицировал как Фустат ал-'адала. Он приписывается некоему Мухаммаду б. Мухаммаду ал-Хатибу. Уникальность этой работы заключается в том, что часть её посвящена описанию различных «ересей», которые существовали в Анатолии при жизни автора, что, по всей видимости, происходило при Гийас ал-дине Мас'уде (ум. 1308) – последнем салджукидском султане Рума. В данном введении эта рукопись будет рассмотрена как с кодикологической, так и с тематической точки зрения. С одной стороны, в нём будут обсуждены некоторые аспекты, связанные с созданием этого кодекса, его авторством и возможным покровителем. С другой стороны, раздел об инакомыслии в тексте будет изучен с целью исследовать то, что данная работа может рассказать нам о религиозной среде средневековой Анатолии.

This book provides a novel approach to the history of medieval Anatolia by analysing political, religious and cultural developments in the region of Kastamonu during the reign of the Chobanid dynasty (c. 1211–1309). During the 13th century, the Chobanids consolidated a local dynasty in western Anatolia – a borderland between Islam and Christianity – becoming cultural actors patronising the production of religious, scientific and administrative works in the Persian language. These works, though surviving today in manuscript form, have received little attention in modern historiography. The book therefore attends to this gap in the research, incorporating a detailed study of texts by little-known authors from the time. The book explores the relationship between Islam and the Chobanid dynasty in the context of the wider process of Islamisation in medieval Anatolia, hypothesising that Turkmen dynasties played a fundamental role in this process of Islamisation and acculturation. The Chobanids of Kastamonu, then, offers an in-depth study of a Turkmen local dynasty that achieved political autonomy, financial independence and cultural patronage in medieval Anatolia vis-à-vis the main political powers of the time. Attentive to religious diversity, state formation and processes of transculturation in medieval Anatolia, the book is key reading for scholars of Middle Eastern history and Islamic studies.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- A Note on Transliteration -- Maps -- Introduction: The Study of Women in the Mongol Empire -- 1. Women and Politics from the Steppes to World Empire -- 2. Regents and Empresses: Women's Rule in the Mongols' World Empire -- 3. Political Involvement and Women's Rule in the Ilkhanate -- 4. Women and the Economy of the Mongol Empire -- 5. Mongol Women's Encounters with Eurasian Religions -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- Bibliography -- Index

This book shows the development of women's status in the Mongol Empire from its original homeland in Mongolia up to the end of the Ilkhanate of Iran in 1335. Taking a thematic approach, the chapters show a coherent progression of this development and contextualise the evolution of the role of women in medieval Mongol society. The arrangement serves as a starting point from where to draw comparison with the status of Mongol women in the later period. Exploring patterns of continuity and transformation in the status of these women in different periods of the Mongol Empire as it expanded westwards into the Islamic world, the book offers a view on the transformation of a nomadic-shamanist society from its original homeland in Mongolia to its settlement in the mostly sedentary-Muslim Iran in the mid-13th century

AbstractThe arrival of the Mongols in Iran in the thirteenth century made a deep impact on the political, economic, and religious life of the region. With the establishment of the Ilkhanate (1250–1335), the cultural life of Iran was also transformed. The territories under Mongol control saw the appearance of new architectural styles, a renaissance of Persian literature, and a burst in the production of Islamic manuscripts. Regarding this literary production, scholars have concentrated their efforts on studying important works composed in Mongol Iran either for their scientific, literary, or artistic value. However, most of this research focuses on individual manuscripts or specific works belonging to a concrete literary genre; these do not provide a holistic picture of the production, distribution, and consumption of the huge number of manuscripts surviving from the period. In an attempt to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon, this study looks at six different manuscripts, jointly referred to as the "Kāmūsī corpus," that share the rare characteristic of having all been copied by the same hand in fourteenth-century Iran. This article investigates the individuals involved in the production of these manuscripts, identifies the different works included in this corpus, and connects the production of these texts and the dissemination of knowledge in Ilkhanid Iran.

Explores the political, economic and religious role of women in the Mongol empireThis book shows the development of women's status in the Mongol Empire from its original homeland in Mongolia up to the end of the Ilkhanate of Iran in 1335. Taking a thematic approach, the chapters show a coherent progression of this development and contextualise the evolution of the role of women in medieval Mongol society. The arrangement serves as a starting point from where to draw comparison with the status of Mongol women in the later period. Exploring patterns of continuity and transformation in the status of these women in different periods of the Mongol Empire as it expanded westwards into the Islamic world, the book offers a view on the transformation of a nomadic-shamanist society from its original homeland in Mongolia to its settlement in the mostly sedentary-Muslim Iran in the mid-13th century ; English

Explores the political, economic and religious role of women in the Mongol empireThis book shows the development of women's status in the Mongol Empire from its original homeland in Mongolia up to the end of the Ilkhanate of Iran in 1335. Taking a thematic approach, the chapters show a coherent progression of this development and contextualise the evolution of the role of women in medieval Mongol society. The arrangement serves as a starting point from where to draw comparison with the status of Mongol women in the later period. Exploring patterns of continuity and transformation in the status of these women in different periods of the Mongol Empire as it expanded westwards into the Islamic world, the book offers a view on the transformation of a nomadic-shamanist society from its original homeland in Mongolia to its settlement in the mostly sedentary-Muslim Iran in the mid-13th century.

Preliminary Material -- Introduction /Bruno De Nicola and Charles Melville -- 1 Mongol Conquest Strategy in the Middle East /Timothy May -- 2 Continuity and Change in the Mongol Army of the Ilkhanate /Reuven Amitai -- 3 Shams al-Dīn Juwaynī, Vizier and Patron: Mediation between Ruler and Ruled in the Ilkhanate /Esther Ravalde -- 4 The Economic Role of Mongol Women: Continuity and Transformation from Mongolia to Iran /Bruno De Nicola -- 5 Faith and the Law: Religious Beliefs and the Death Penalty in the Ilkhanate /Florence Hodous -- 6 Music in the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad: Ṣafī al-Dīn Urmawī and the Ilkhanid Circle of Musicians /Michal Biran -- 7 Historical Epic as Mongol Propaganda? Juwaynī's Motifs and Motives /Judith Kolbas -- 8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting /Karin Rührdanz -- 9 Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks? /Aptin Khanbaghi -- 10 Darughachi in Armenia /Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog -- 11 The Phoenix Mosque 鳯凰寺, 凤凰清真寺 /George Lane -- 12 Mamluk and Mongol Peripheral Politics: Asserting Sovereignty in the Middle East's 'Kurdish Zone' (1260–1330) /Boris James -- 13 The End of the Ilkhanate and After: Observations on the Collapse of the Mongol World Empire /Charles Melville -- Index.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- List of Figures and Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Notes on Contributors -- 1. Introduction: Comparative Perspectives on Islamisation -- Part I Conversion and Islamisation: Theoretical Approaches -- 2. Global Patterns of Ruler Conversion to Islam and the Logic of Empirical Religiosity -- 3. Conversion out of Personal Principle: ʿAli b. Rabban al-Tabari (d. c. 860) and ʿAbdallah al-Tarjuman (d. c. 1430), Two Converts from Christianity to Islam -- 4. The Conversion Curve Revisited -- Part II The Early Islamic and Medieval Middle East -- 5. What Did Conversion to Islam Mean in Seventh-Century Arabia? -- 6. Zoroastrian Fire Temples and the Islamisation of Sacred Space in Early Islamic Iran -- 7. 'There Is No God But God': Islamisation and Religious Code-Switching, Eighth to Tenth Centuries -- 8. Islamisation in Medieval Anatolia -- 9. Islamisation in the Southern Levant after the End of Frankish Rule: Some General Considerations and a Short Case Study -- Part III The Muslim West -- 10. Conversion of the Berbers to Islam/Islamisation of the Berbers -- 11. The Islamisation of al-Andalus: Recent Studies and Debates -- Part IV Sub-Saharan Africa -- 12. The Oromo and the Historical Process of Islamisation in Ethiopia -- 13. The Archaeology of Islamisation in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Part V The Balkans -- 14. The Islamisation of Ottoman Bosnia: Myths and Matters -- 15. From Shahāda to 'Aqīda: Conversion to Islam, Catechisation and Sunnitisation in Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Rumeli -- Part VI Central Asia -- 16. Islamisation on the Iranian Periphery: Nasir-i Khusraw and Ismailism in Badakhshan -- 17. Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi as an Islamising Saint: Rethinking the Role of Sufi s in the Islamisation of the Turks of Central Asia -- 18. The Role of the Domestic Sphere in the Islamisation of the Mongols -- Part VII South Asia -- 19. Reconsidering 'Conversion to Islam' in Indian History -- 20. Civilising the Savage: Myth, History and Persianisation in the Early Delhi Courts of South Asia -- Part VIII Southeast Asia and the Far East -- 21. China and the Rise of Islam on Java -- 22. The Story of Yusuf and Indonesia's Islamisation: A Work of Literature Plus -- 23. Persian Kings, Arab Conquerors and Malay Islam: Comparative Perspectives on the Place of Muslim Epics in the Islamisation of the Chams -- 24. Islamisation and Sinicisation: Inversions, Reversions and Alternate Versions of Islam in China -- Index