Suchergebnisse

The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) has carried out this survey, which is expected to generate results of use for implementation of marginal cost based pricing of transport in terms of the principles laid down in the white paper on a common transport policy presented by the EU Commission in September 2001. The purpose of the survey is to review alternative methods that may be used for estimating marginal infrastructure costs. The survey identifies four different approaches to the measurement of the marginal cost of road use and evaluates empirical studies based on these approaches. One approach is referred to as the econometric approach. There are few examples of this approach, which is explained by that it is difficult to generate the required data. The value of the approach is also limited by that it relies on historical data. Two of the other methods differentiated between are often based on similar assumptions. It is argued that both what is called the indirect approach and the full cost allocation approach basically rely on the properties of Newbery's 'fundamental theorem'. A fourth approach identified in the Survey is to use the models (PMSs) used by road authorities in the planning of road works. The idea is not new, but has rarely been applied. It is demonstrated in the survey how the approach may be employed for a specific road by way of the HDM 4 model, developed by the World Bank. There are several advantages of using a PMS, including that marginal costs will be derived with the same methodology that is used to rank investments, determine maintenance priorities and to prepare a road authority's budget.