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AbstractIn early 2020, the world as we knew it began to change dramatically and rapidly with the COVID-19 outbreak. Social distancing restrictions and lockdown measures have been the most effective course of action and an inarguably imperative approach at this time. However, in trying to keep the global population safe, social distancing measures unwittingly placed children already experiencing maltreatment and disadvantage in harm's way. This paper will consider the evidence base which attests to the importance of considering theaccumulationof adversity when seeking to understand risk and impact of child maltreatment and disadvantage. Given the unique and unprecedented circumstances which have accompanied the COVID-19 outbreak, and the dearth of research pertaining to the impact of pandemics on child welfare, the paper draws on an emerging body of literature about the effect of natural disasters, conflict and significant global events on child maltreatment. The paper synthesises the research to date in order to call attention to the cumulative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children already experiencing abuse and neglect. The paper concludes with an outline of the implications for practice in the helping professions.

This article explores the prevalence of cumulative harm as a subtle and pervasive harm type, often dismissed or ignored in child protection assessment and reporting practices. The author examines a range of trends and research that identifies current gaps in the legislative response to cumulative harm identification and intervention. Through analysis of the current practices informing child protection in Australia, it is clear that there is movement towards a more holistic understanding of harm and the impacts of long-term maltreatment. However, a nationwide level of consistent practice has not yet been achieved, which places cumulative harm and reoccurring maltreatment on an equal footing with episodic maltreatment, particularly in relation to notification and reporting. Internationally, although variations are evident, just as they are in national framework, there is an inclusive impetus towards early intervention as a means of addressing harm prior to the onset of cumulative impact. There is a growing emphasis on children's wellbeing, development and universal right to quality of life and fair treatment.

Intro -- Child Sexual Abuse: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact, and Management -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- References -- Foreword -- References -- Acknowledgements -- About the editors -- Contributors -- About the contributors -- Part One: Types of child sexual abuse -- Chapter One: Child sexual abuse: Complexities and contexts -- Definitions -- Defining child sexual abuse -- Defining offenders -- Historical perspectives -- Prevalence of child sexual abuse -- Theories of CSA -- Situational crime prevention -- Finkelhor's four preconditions model -- Ward's pathways model -- Contexts and characteristics of abuse -- Victims vulnerabilities -- Perpetrator characteristics -- Intrafamilial child sexual abuse -- Extrafamilial CSA -- Care and institutional settings -- Stranger-perpetrated abuse CSA -- Female sexual offenders -- Behaviours and strategies in perpetrating CSA -- Cumulative risk and harm in CSA -- Heterogeneity of responses and diversity of management -- Chapter review questions -- References -- Chapter Two: Offender subtypes and theories of child sexual abuse-Illustrations using two Singapore case studies -- Definitions of a child victim -- Child sexual abuse -- Typology of child sexual abusers -- Intrafamilial vs extrafamilial child sexual abusers -- Situational vs preferential child sexual abusers -- Situational child sexual abusers -- Regressed -- Morally or sexually indiscriminate -- Naïve or inadequate -- Preferential child sexual abusers -- Seductive -- Fixated -- Mysoped or sadistic -- Paedophilic -- Theoretical perspectives -- Precondition Theory -- Integrated Theory -- Quadripartite Theory -- Pathways Model -- Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending -- Case studies -- Case study 1: Finding love in all the wrong places-Carl -- Case introduction -- Relevant personal history -- Typology and key motivating factors.

Purpose
Adverse childhood experiences that are consistently experienced over a sustained period of time throughout childhood result in an accumulation of childhood adversity, which is often referred to in the literature as cumulative harm. This paper aims to closely examine statutory child protection practice, which favours an episodic and incident-focused approach to assessing risk and harm, failing to account for the evaluation of the accumulation of adversity and harm, commonly experienced by children exposed to maltreatment. The paper defines an existing gap in practice frameworks to adequately identify and respond to the accumulation of adversity.


Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on practice experiences in Queensland Australia, the paper examines service delivery responses to cumulative harm in the context of the Intensive Family Support model of service delivery.


Findings
Within current frameworks for child protection service delivery, there is no method of assessing the diverse and cumulative effects of ongoing chronic child maltreatment and adversity, despite research confirming that cumulative harm very often co-occurs with other child protection concerns. To effectively and collaboratively intervene in matters of chronic and cumulative abuse and neglect, practitioners and stakeholders must be guided by frameworks and assessments that accurately recognise and acknowledge the impact of ongoing exposure to adverse experiences and maltreatment.


Research limitations/implications
The need for a valid and reliable assessment method that draws together all elements contributing to the chronic maltreatment experience for a child and family: multiplicity, diversity and severity.


Social implications
Practice solutions tailored to each child's specific cumulative experiences of adversity and maltreatment will promote better social, emotional and health outcomes across the lifespan.


Originality/value
This paper highlights a significant gap in assessment and practice frameworks and advances the impetus for cumulative harm to be proactively integrated into social care and service delivery.

Front Cover -- Child Abuse and Neglect: Forensic Issues in Evidence, Impact, and Management -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the Authors -- Part 1: Types of Child Abuse -- Chapter 1: Child Abuse: Types and Emergent Issues -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Emotional Abuse -- 3 Foetal Abuse -- 3.1 Intimate Partner Violence -- 3.2 Maternal Substance Abuse -- 4 Neglect -- 5 Physical Abuse -- 6 Sexual Abuse -- 7 Conclusion -- Chapter Review Questions -- References -- Chapter 2: Intimate Partner Violence as a Form of Child Abuse -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition and Terminology -- 3 Understanding IPV -- 4 Children's Rights -- 5 Research With Children Living With IPV -- 6 Data and Research Challenges -- 7 IPV and Other Violence in Children's Lives -- 8 Trauma Theory -- 9 Role of Developmental Stage -- 10 Differentiating Children's Experiences by Age and Developmental Stage -- 11 Children's Experiences and Responses -- 12 Nonabusive Caregiver and Their Relationship With the Child -- 13 Postseparation Violence and Fathering -- 14 Children's Voices -- 15 Conclusion -- Chapter Review Questions -- References -- Chapter 3: Keeping Our Eye on Sex, Power, Relationships, and Institutional Contexts in Preventing Institutional Child Sexu ... -- 1 Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Abuse in Institutions -- 1.1 The Nature and Extent of Institutional Child Sexual Abuse -- 2 Organisational, Contextual, Individual Risk Factors: A Situational Crime Prevention Approach -- 3 Institutional Child Sexual Abuse: Similarities and Differences to Other Abuse Contexts and Types -- 3.1 Home and Away: Are the Risks for Child Sexual Abuse Dependent on Location/Context? -- 4 Creating Cultures that Foster Positive Attitudes Towards Sex, Sexuality and Healthy Relationships

AbstractIntegral to the protection of children against ongoing abuse and neglect and trauma experiences are teachers and school-based staff. This paper aims to discuss and reflect on the practice frameworks, models, approaches and programs that exist in mainstream school contexts to address the developmental and learning needs of children in primary schools who have experienced trauma in their early childhood years. This paper explores the importance of enablers, finding exceptions to the practices that often limit the support of ongoing protection of children in schools and the importance of the willingness, confidence and capacity of school-based staff. This paper proposes areas of future research to address the identified gaps existing for children with developmental trauma trying to learn and exist in a schooling system that is struggling to meet their needs.

Abstract
Social workers trained initially through university education are essential in community responses that seek to address domestic and family violence (DFV). However, research has shown an international shift towards dominant models of thought that individualise or pathologise understandings of DFV in social work practice. This is problematic as it can cultivate a disconnect from the social justice mandates of the profession. Re-centring DFV within the social work curriculum has since become a focal point, but following, there is a dearth in research to measure what change, if any, this has cultured. This is further complicated in the Australian context, where to date the authors acknowledge, few studies have examined the extent of social workers' exposure to DFV within university curriculum. This project sought to redress this issue, by quantitatively surveying understandings and perceptions about DFV among Australian university social work students and recent graduates. Specifically, the study examines their attitudes, beliefs, knowledge and perceived proficiency about recognising and responding to DFV. The findings suggest that notions of feminist praxis may be diluted in social work curriculum specific to DFV, and as such novel approaches to reinvigorate a structural examination of DFV in Australian university social work curriculum warrant further attention.