Suchergebnisse

Hibridno ratovanje ne predstavlja nov i revolucionaran pristup u ostvarivanju političkih ciljeva. Navedeno je temeljna pretpostavka ove doktorske disertacije koja je potvrĎena kroz znanstveno istraţivanje i komparativnu analizu tri studije slučaja. Pokušaj stvaranja Velike Srbije, zbog činjenice da se relativno nedavno odvijao na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske, najrelevantniji je slučaj kada govorimo o aktualnim vanjskopolitičkim i obrambenim izazovima Republike Hrvatske. Izraelsko-libanonski rat iz 2006. godine smatra se oglednim primjerkom hibridnog rata izmeĎu drţavnog i nedrţavnog aktera. Rat Rusije i Ukrajine i aneksija Krima najrecentniji je primjer hibridnog rata izmeĎu dva drţavna aktera, i katalizator koji je aktualizirao pojam hibridnog rata, pokrenuo meĎunarodnu zajednicu i NATO savez da preispitaju svoj pristup suvremenom ratovanju. Ova disertacija temelji na se razmatranju ratova s vojnopolitičkog stajališta, a kombiniranjem tri teorijska okvira odabrano je 16 čimbenika koji karakteriziraju hibridnog aktera. Teorijskom analizom sve tri studije slučaja potvrĎeno je da hibridnom ratu prethodi period političkih, ideoloških ili sličnih neslaganja izmeĎu suprotstavljenih strana, tijekom kojeg hibridni akter nastoji širiti vlastiti narativ i otvoreno ili prikriveno provodi aktivnosti koje će mu dati prednost u ratu. Provedbom istraţivanja u tri rata testirana je prisutnost svakog pojedinog čimbenika hibridnog modela, a komparacijom rezultata utvrĎeno je da su odreĎeni čimbenici bili, u većoj ili manjoj mjeri, prisutni u sva tri rata. Unatoč činjenici da slučajevi pripadaju različitom geopolitičkom kontekstu, da su se odvijali u različitom vremenskom razdoblju i na različitoj zemljopisnoj lokaciji, prisutnost čimbenika u sva tri rata potvrĎuju pretpostavku da hibridni rat nije ništa novo. ; Hybrid warfare does not represent a new and revolutionary approach to the realization of political goals. This is the central hypothesis of this doctoral dissertation which has been tested by scientific research and comparative analysis of three post Cold War, geographically and chronically dispersed case studies. The first case study encompasses the initial attempt to create a Greater Serbia at the territorial expense of the Republic of Croatia which occurred in the early 1990's within the context of Yugoslavia's dissolution. The second case study details the Israeli - Hezbollah war of 2006 which is considered by many to be a textbook example of a state versus non-state actor conflict. Finally, the third case study analyzes the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine (including the Russian annexation of Crimea) which has popularized the term "hybrid warfare" and acted as a catalyst in initiating NATO re-examination of its approach to contemporary security threats. This dissertation analyzes the manifestation of hybrid war from a military and political perspective, and to characterize hybrid actors, it makes use of sixteen individual factors derived from three established theoretical frameworks. Theoretical analysis of the three case studies suggests that in all three cases open warfare was preceded by a period of political, ideological or other conflict between the opposing parties. In all instances, the hybrid actor made use of this period to promulgate its narrative, while at the same time covertly or overtly undertaking activities designed to ensure an advantage upon the onset of violence. The presence of each individual factor of the combined theoretical framework was determined through research, and a comparison of the results proves that certain characteristics are present, in varying degree, in all three conflicts. Despite occurring in different geopolitical circumstances, in different chronological periods, and in different geographical locations, the presence of hybrid factors in all three conflicts confirms the initial hypothesis that hybrid warfare is not a new phenomenon.

In the 21st century, warfare has evolved into a challenge that many countries are ill prepared to face. In contrast to the warfare of yesterday, victory is not defined by defeating an opposing military force, but rather defeating their ability to pursue political objectives by violent, often unconventional, means. Increasingly, these unconventional means are based on asymmetries between the two opposing forces. A plethora of definitions for the term 'asymmetric conflict' exist, but they can largely be summarized by a general idea that one side in a conflict, due to its own failings or its opponents' strength, is unable to achieve its political aims through conventional (i.e. symmetric) military means. Because of this, the weaker side uses new ideas, weapons and tactics in a manner that is not expected, exploiting surprise to undermine the relative strength(s) of their opponent (Lele, 2014). The character of contemporary asymmetric threats can be analyzed through a framework of several key characteristics, which will be described in this paper. Understanding this framework, particularly in light of the horizontal transfer of technology, tactics, organization structure and procedures between emerging asymmetric threats may contribute to better understanding of such threats.

This article intends to make a comparison of the defining factors of identity as defined in two exceptional narratives, "The Places in Between" by Rory Stewart and "Danube" by Claudio Magris. In their respective works, both authors examine the complex notion of identity as defined by ethnicity, religion/ culture, politics/ideology and socioeconomics, albeit in very different surroundings. Stewart's narrative describes his trek across the harsh Afghan landscape in the middle of Winter, scant weeks after the overthrow of the Taliban, while Magris follows a group of four Italian friends (the author being one of them), who set out to trace the Danube from its source to the mouth in mid 1980s. Both authors' accounts confirm the transience of identity, which largely depends on the broader environment, the specific point in time in which the examination occurs, and the perspective of the examiner. In both cases, the authors' analyses provide profound insights into the regions through which they travel. ; Namjera je ovoga članka dati usporedbu ključnih čimbenika identiteta na način kako su definirani u dva izvanredna narativa, "Mjesta između" ("The Places in Between") Roryja Stewarta i "Dunav" ("Danube") Claudija Magrisa. Oba autora u svojim djelima ispituju složeni pojam identiteta koji je određen etnicitetom, religijom/kulturom, politikom/ideologijom i socioekonomijom, iako u vrlo različitim okruženjima. Stewart opisuje svoj put kroz surovi afganistanski krajolik usred zime, samo nekoliko tjedana nakon svrgavanja talibana, dok Magris slijedi skupinu četiri talijanska prijatelja (jedan je od njih sam autor) koji kreću putem Dunava, od njegova izvora do ušća, sredinom 1980-ih godina. Izvještaji obojice autora potvrđuju prolaznost identiteta, koja uvelike ovisi o širem okruženju, određenom trenutku u kojem se preispitivanje odvija te o perspektivi ispitivača. U oba slučaja, analize autora pružaju duboke spoznaje o regijama kroz koje putuju.

This paper examines the existing theory of risk management in international business, as well as the effects that the globalization and digital transformation have on the development of contemporary security risks. Besides the analysis of the key elements of globalization and digital transformation, this paper points out that the imperative for success in international business is a systematic approach to security risks, and the new categorization of risks in international business. While the pandemic has provided an impetus for the rapid and widespread adoption of digital technologies, it has also created new opportunities for hostile threat actors leading to an increase in cybercrime and thus reinforced the demand for robust and responsive security measures. The paper argues that more now than ever, there is a burning need to address the problem of security risks properly. Initial efforts to address these risks have sought to include the aforementioned security risks in existing risk mitigation practices and to address them through existing business risk processes, but it has become evident that success risk mitigation requires new and adapted approach. The authors present the review of existing theory of security analysis and propose the new categorization of risks in international business to include security risks. Security risks include, but are not limited to threats such as loss of data and intellectual property, fraud, disruption of business processes, and the possible endangerment of the physical security of both employees and assets. ; U radu se analizira postojeća teorija upravljanja rizicima u međunarodnom poslovanju, kao i učinci globalizacije i digitalne transformacije na razvoj sigurnosnih rizika. Pored analize ključnih elementa globalizacije i digitalne transformacije, ovaj rad ističe sustavno upravljanje sigurnosnim rizicima u međunarodnom poslovanju i zasebnu kategorizaciju u identifikaciji rizika kao imperativ za sustavno upravljanje sigurnosnim rizicima. Sustavno upravljanje sigurnosnim rizicima daje sigurnost svim dionicima poslovnih procesa da će se novčane transakcije biti sigurne, da će se kupljena roba isporučiti, i da podaci neće biti uništeni, i/ili dostupni neovlaštenim trećim stranama. Suvremeni koncept upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u međunarodnom poslovanju mora biti usmjeren na preventivno djelovanje i partnerski odnos, pri čemu se očekuje aktivno sudjelovanje svih poslovnih entiteta uključenih u međunarodno poslovanje u realizaciji sigurnosne prakse i sprječavanju štetnog učinka rizika. Rad ističe kako se ovom vrstom rizika se može učinkovito upravljati kroz razvoj i implementaciju novih politika i sposobnosti odgovora na rizike na razini poduzeća. U tom smislu, bitno ga je da ga poduzeća koja posluju na međunarodnom tržištu pravovremeno percipiraju, i usmjere se na minimiziranje negativnih učinaka na poslovanje. Autori iznose teorijski pregled upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima i predlažu novu kategorizaciju rizika u međunarodnom poslovanju. Kao zasebna kategorija u identifikaciji rizika u međunarodnom poslovanju, sigurnosni rizik bi trebao obuhvatiti rizik od narušavanja sigurnosti podataka, rizik od narušavanja sigurnosti poslovanja i poslovnih procesa kao digitalne sigurnosne rizike, te fizički rizik od narušavanja fizičke sigurnosti poduzeća (gubitka materijalne imovine i sigurnosti zaposlenika).