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TWO CHARACTERISTICS IN PARTICULAR DISTINGUISH THE PRESIDENCY FROM MOST OTHER COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONS: THE PROPORTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL ENERGY AND RESOURCES THAT MUST BE DEVOTED TO COPING WITH THE UNEXPECTED, AND THE PERVASIVE IMPACT OF ITS CENTRAL FIGURE - THE PRESIDENT - ON THE MANNER AND TONE OF ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONING. THESE FEATURES LIMIT THE STRATEGIES LIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SUCH AN ENTERPRISE. THE FIRST DEMANDS FLEXIBILITY, AND DISCOURAGES EXCESSIVELY FORMALISTIC PROCEDURES AS TOO UNRESPONSIVE FOR A TURBULENT ENVIRONMENT. THE SECOND POINTS UP THE FUTILITY OF TRYING TO IMPOSE ANY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, HOWEVER SOUND THEORETICALLY, ON A PRESIDENT WHO FINDS IT UNCONGENIAL. IT IS THIS LIGHT THAT THE RECENT CONSENSUS IN FAVOR OF "ONE BEST WAY" TO ORGANIZE THE WHITE HOUSE-A STRONG, HIERARCHICALLY DOMINANT CHIEF OF STAFF SYSTEM - REQUIRES CHALLENGE. VARIOUS PROBLEMS WITH THE STRONG CHIEF SYSTEM ARE NOTED, AND AN ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL-THE FIRST REAGAN SYSTEM - IS DESCRIBED AND EVALUATED.

THE APPEAL OF THE PROPOSAL FOR A SIX-YEAR SINGLE TERM PRESIDENCY HAS BEEN ESPECIALLY STRONG AND DURABLE AMONG THE MOST POWERFUL AND INFLUENTIAL SEGMENTS OF SOCIETY, INCLUDING FORMER PRESIDENTS AND CABINET OFFICERS. THIS MEANS THAT ITS PROSPECTS FOR ADOPTION CANNOT BE DISMISSED OUT OF HAND, DESPITE THE LONGSTANDING OPPOSITION OF MOST POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, AND DESPITE THE CURRENT ABSENCE OF STRONG VOCAL ADVOCACY. IN THE BELIEF THAT THIS ISSUE WILL BE JOINED AGAIN AS IT HAS SO MANY TIMES BEFORE, THIS ARTICLE OFFERS A NEW SLANT ON A FAMILIAR OLD DEBATE. IT CONTENDS THAT THE MOST IMPORTANT REASON FOR CONTINUED ELITE SUPPORT IS RARELY ACKNOWLEDGED BY ADVOCATES: LACK OF FAITH IN THE POLITICAL JUDGEMENT OF THE MASS ELECTORATE. CONTRARY TO THE ARGUMENTS OF OPPONENTS, THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE TO JUSTIFY THIS LACK OF FAITH. NEVERTHELESS, ADVOCATES FAIL TO CONFRONT A CRUCIAL QUESTION WHICH LIES AT THE HEART OF PRESIDENTIAL VIABILITY: WHAT WILL REPLACE THE EMPOWERING VITALITY OF RE-ELECTABILITY AS THE SOURCE OF PRESIDENTIAL INFLUENCE?

The strategy of ambiguity counsels candidates for office to take up some policy positions in the territory of the opposing party. Using evidence from the 1988 presidential election, examines how aware voters were of incidents of 'issue trespassing'; whether attention to the electoral campaign helped voters become more aware; and the strategy's electoral payoff. (Abstract amended)

This paper examines the concept of maritime multi-use as a territorial/SPATIAL governance instrument for the enhancement of sustainable development in five EU sea basins. Multi-use (MU) is expected to enhance the productivity of blue economy sectors, as well as deliver additional socio-economic benefits related to the environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development. The paper provides a definition of maritime multi-use and identifies the multi-uses with the highest potential in EU sea basins. In each sea basin, multi-use plays a different role as concerns sustainable development. For the Eastern Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, the MU focus should remain on the environmental pillar of sustainable development. In the North Sea, North Atlantic and Western Baltic Sea, addressing social sustainability seems a key precondition for success of MU in enhancement of sustainable spatial development at sea. Moreover, it has been suggested to introduce MU key global strategies such as SDGs or Macroregional strategies and action plans and to supplement maritime spatial planning with sectoral incentives and educational efforts as key vehicles supporting MU. The paper concludes by identifying aspects which, in order to inform maritime spatial planning and maritime governance regarding a more conscious application of the aforementioned concept, require further investigation. Key tasks are related to: more profound evaluation of performance of policies supporting MUs, researching the impact of MU on societal goals and on the MU costs and benefits, including external ones, and finally identifying the impact of MU on the development of various sectors and regions on land.

This paper examines the concept of maritime multi-use as a territorial/SPATIAL governance instrument for the enhancement of sustainable development in five EU sea basins. Multi-use (MU) is expected to enhance the productivity of blue economy sectors, as well as deliver additional socio-economic benefits related to the environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development. The paper provides a definition of maritime multi-use and identifies the multi-uses with the highest potential in EU sea basins. In each sea basin, multi-use plays a different role as concerns sustainable development. For the Eastern Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, the MU focus should remain on the environmental pillar of sustainable development. In the North Sea, North Atlantic and Western Baltic Sea, addressing social sustainability seems a key precondition for success of MU in enhancement of sustainable spatial development at sea. Moreover, it has been suggested to introduce MU key global strategies such as SDGs or Macroregional strategies and action plans and to supplement maritime spatial planning with sectoral incentives and educational efforts as key vehicles supporting MU. The paper concludes by identifying aspects which, in order to inform maritime spatial planning and maritime governance regarding a more conscious application of the aforementioned concept, require further investigation. Key tasks are related to: more profound evaluation of performance of policies supporting MUs, researching the impact of MU on societal goals and on the MU costs and benefits, including external ones, and finally identifying the impact of MU on the development of various sectors and regions on land.