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Climate change, demographic concentration, new needs, sustainable development etc. are many examples of uncontrolled mutations in space and time, which impact on the degree of satisfaction of water needs in the world, and which call for a new analysis of the water issue. This new perspective, in this context of increased uncertainties, means that this has to be put into question. It involves, first, to have understood and assimilated the crucial role played by water in its natural, social, economic, cultural and political environment, by having identified the links which define Men-Water relations. Second, analysing the current water standards implies that we adopt the representation of reality they provide as a reading grid. Furthermore, it is also a way to wonder whether this grid corresponds to the future reality of human societies. Considering so would mean repeating the present development schemes. Not considering so would bring about a new approach, looking for new dynamic decision-making tools adapted to the realities of each field, in order to take into account present needs, as well as future ones. This process is in keeping with the premises of development strategies in a perspective of sustainable development.

Climate change, demographic concentration, new needs, sustainable development etc. are many examples of uncontrolled mutations in space and time, which impact on the degree of satisfaction of water needs in the world, and which call for a new analysis of the water issue. This new perspective, in this context of increased uncertainties, means that this has to be put into question. It involves, first, to have understood and assimilated the crucial role played by water in its natural, social, economic, cultural and political environment, by having identified the links which define Men-Water relations. Second, analysing the current water standards implies that we adopt the representation of reality they provide as a reading grid. Furthermore, it is also a way to wonder whether this grid corresponds to the future reality of human societies. Considering so would mean repeating the present development schemes. Not considering so would bring about a new approach, looking for new dynamic decision-making tools adapted to the realities of each field, in order to take into account present needs, as well as future ones. This process is in keeping with the premises of development strategies in a perspective of sustainable development.

22 p. ; The analysis of the build-up process of standards seems to be crucial for the understanding of Men/Men and Men/Nature relations, and appears essential to explain the dynamics of development. We should consider standards as tools which allow the organization and the shaping of the representations of water itself, and its political, economic and technical modalities of appropriation and affectation to competitive or non-competitive uses. Thus, the stake is to understand how standards can be manipulated by social groups, by public authorities or by the international community to reach identified objectives. The study of Malin Falkenmark's Water Stress Index enables us to illustrate the manipulation of standards and to open perspectives in favour of needs-based water management. ; L'analyse de la construction des normes paraît décisive pour la compréhension des relations Hommes/Hommes et Hommes/Nature, et se révèle indispensable pour l'explication des dynamiques de développement. Il convient d'appréhender les normes en tant qu'outils qui permettent d'organiser et de formaliser les représentations de l'eau elle-même, et de ses modalités politiques, économiques, techniques, d'appropriation et d'affectation à des usages concurrents ou pas. Ainsi, l'enjeu est de comprendre en quoi les normes peuvent être manipulées par des groupes sociaux, l'autorité publique ou encore la communauté internationale dans la poursuite d'objectifs identifiés. L'étude de l'Indicateur de stress hydrique de Malin Falkenmark permet d'illustrer le propos sur la manipulation des normes et d'ouvrir des perspectives en faveur d'une gestion de l'eau par les besoins.

22 p. ; The analysis of the build-up process of standards seems to be crucial for the understanding of Men/Men and Men/Nature relations, and appears essential to explain the dynamics of development. We should consider standards as tools which allow the organization and the shaping of the representations of water itself, and its political, economic and technical modalities of appropriation and affectation to competitive or non-competitive uses. Thus, the stake is to understand how standards can be manipulated by social groups, by public authorities or by the international community to reach identified objectives. The study of Malin Falkenmark's Water Stress Index enables us to illustrate the manipulation of standards and to open perspectives in favour of needs-based water management. ; L'analyse de la construction des normes paraît décisive pour la compréhension des relations Hommes/Hommes et Hommes/Nature, et se révèle indispensable pour l'explication des dynamiques de développement. Il convient d'appréhender les normes en tant qu'outils qui permettent d'organiser et de formaliser les représentations de l'eau elle-même, et de ses modalités politiques, économiques, techniques, d'appropriation et d'affectation à des usages concurrents ou pas. Ainsi, l'enjeu est de comprendre en quoi les normes peuvent être manipulées par des groupes sociaux, l'autorité publique ou encore la communauté internationale dans la poursuite d'objectifs identifiés. L'étude de l'Indicateur de stress hydrique de Malin Falkenmark permet d'illustrer le propos sur la manipulation des normes et d'ouvrir des perspectives en faveur d'une gestion de l'eau par les besoins.

International audience ; This paper seeks to characterize the importance of the social and political dimensions of the literature dedicated to water in the field of ecological economics. It attempts to assess the relevance of Spash's division of the community into three "camps", namely "new resource economists", "social ecological economists" and "new environmental pragmatists" through the literature focusing on water issues published in leading scientific journals. We begin with an analysis of the main ontological, epistemological and methodological tenets of the three "camps". We then analyze the relevance and limits of such categorization for water research through papers published in Ecological Economics. We then explore the field of ecological economics of water through textual statistics obtained from research abstracts published in five selected journals since the late 1980s. Our results raise questions regarding the relevance of the partition of the ecological economics community thanks to a Venn diagram that presents limited overlaps. We promote an inclusive representation of the "big tent" of ecological economics, thus suggesting new perspectives for the debate on methodological pluralism in Ecological Economics. To conclude, a series of recommendations are suggested to promote water social ecological eco- nomics, and strengthen pluralism within the community.

International audience ; This paper seeks to characterize the importance of the social and political dimensions of the literature dedicated to water in the field of ecological economics. It attempts to assess the relevance of Spash's division of the community into three "camps", namely "new resource economists", "social ecological economists" and "new environmental pragmatists" through the literature focusing on water issues published in leading scientific journals. We begin with an analysis of the main ontological, epistemological and methodological tenets of the three "camps". We then analyze the relevance and limits of such categorization for water research through papers published in Ecological Economics. We then explore the field of ecological economics of water through textual statistics obtained from research abstracts published in five selected journals since the late 1980s. Our results raise questions regarding the relevance of the partition of the ecological economics community thanks to a Venn diagram that presents limited overlaps. We promote an inclusive representation of the "big tent" of ecological economics, thus suggesting new perspectives for the debate on methodological pluralism in Ecological Economics. To conclude, a series of recommendations are suggested to promote water social ecological eco- nomics, and strengthen pluralism within the community.

International audience ; This paper seeks to characterize the importance of the social and political dimensions of the literature dedicated to water in the field of ecological economics. It attempts to assess the relevance of Spash's division of the community into three "camps", namely "new resource economists", "social ecological economists" and "new environmental pragmatists" through the literature focusing on water issues published in leading scientific journals. We begin with an analysis of the main ontological, epistemological and methodological tenets of the three "camps". We then analyze the relevance and limits of such categorization for water research through papers published in Ecological Economics. We then explore the field of ecological economics of water through textual statistics obtained from research abstracts published in five selected journals since the late 1980s. Our results raise questions regarding the relevance of the partition of the ecological economics community thanks to a Venn diagram that presents limited overlaps. We promote an inclusive representation of the "big tent" of ecological economics, thus suggesting new perspectives for the debate on methodological pluralism in Ecological Economics. To conclude, a series of recommendations are suggested to promote water social ecological eco- nomics, and strengthen pluralism within the community.

International audience ; European stakeholders engaged in combatting the eutrophication of the North Sea welcomed three Water Framework Directive innovations: a more holistic approach to quality, the binding nature of WFD objectives, and greater public participation. Twenty years later, however, there has been a disappointing amount of progress in the reduction of diffuse pollution. In the Seine River Basin, the amount of livestock rearing is low; yet the basin is subject to significant diffuse pollution due to agriculture. This paper reports our study of this case; we examine the literature on WFD implementation policy in order to identify the physical and social causes of this failure to reduce diffuse pollution. We show that the nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides that affect ground, surface and marine waters are attributable to structural changes in agricultural production rather than to inefficient farming practices. We describe how a series of instruments that were designed to combat the diffuse agricultural origins of pollutants have had little effect. We identify the main obstacles to improvement as being the dispersion of the targeted public and the dispersion of benefits, given the current nature of legitimacy in the European Union. This case illustrates the fact that intensive agricultural production has an impact on water quality far beyond the problem of excess manure from livestock production.

International audience ; European stakeholders engaged in combatting the eutrophication of the North Sea welcomed three Water Framework Directive innovations: a more holistic approach to quality, the binding nature of WFD objectives, and greater public participation. Twenty years later, however, there has been a disappointing amount of progress in the reduction of diffuse pollution. In the Seine River Basin, the amount of livestock rearing is low; yet the basin is subject to significant diffuse pollution due to agriculture. This paper reports our study of this case; we examine the literature on WFD implementation policy in order to identify the physical and social causes of this failure to reduce diffuse pollution. We show that the nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides that affect ground, surface and marine waters are attributable to structural changes in agricultural production rather than to inefficient farming practices. We describe how a series of instruments that were designed to combat the diffuse agricultural origins of pollutants have had little effect. We identify the main obstacles to improvement as being the dispersion of the targeted public and the dispersion of benefits, given the current nature of legitimacy in the European Union. This case illustrates the fact that intensive agricultural production has an impact on water quality far beyond the problem of excess manure from livestock production.

International audience ; European stakeholders engaged in combatting the eutrophication of the North Sea welcomed three Water Framework Directive innovations: a more holistic approach to quality, the binding nature of WFD objectives, and greater public participation. Twenty years later, however, there has been a disappointing amount of progress in the reduction of diffuse pollution. In the Seine River Basin, the amount of livestock rearing is low; yet the basin is subject to significant diffuse pollution due to agriculture. This paper reports our study of this case; we examine the literature on WFD implementation policy in order to identify the physical and social causes of this failure to reduce diffuse pollution. We show that the nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides that affect ground, surface and marine waters are attributable to structural changes in agricultural production rather than to inefficient farming practices. We describe how a series of instruments that were designed to combat the diffuse agricultural origins of pollutants have had little effect. We identify the main obstacles to improvement as being the dispersion of the targeted public and the dispersion of benefits, given the current nature of legitimacy in the European Union. This case illustrates the fact that intensive agricultural production has an impact on water quality far beyond the problem of excess manure from livestock production.

International audience ; European stakeholders engaged in combatting the eutrophication of the North Sea welcomed three Water Framework Directive innovations: a more holistic approach to quality, the binding nature of WFD objectives, and greater public participation. Twenty years later, however, there has been a disappointing amount of progress in the reduction of diffuse pollution. In the Seine River Basin, the amount of livestock rearing is low; yet the basin is subject to significant diffuse pollution due to agriculture. This paper reports our study of this case; we examine the literature on WFD implementation policy in order to identify the physical and social causes of this failure to reduce diffuse pollution. We show that the nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides that affect ground, surface and marine waters are attributable to structural changes in agricultural production rather than to inefficient farming practices. We describe how a series of instruments that were designed to combat the diffuse agricultural origins of pollutants have had little effect. We identify the main obstacles to improvement as being the dispersion of the targeted public and the dispersion of benefits, given the current nature of legitimacy in the European Union. This case illustrates the fact that intensive agricultural production has an impact on water quality far beyond the problem of excess manure from livestock production.

International audience ; European stakeholders engaged in combatting the eutrophication of the North Sea welcomed three Water Framework Directive innovations: a more holistic approach to quality, the binding nature of WFD objectives, and greater public participation. Twenty years later, however, there has been a disappointing amount of progress in the reduction of diffuse pollution. In the Seine River Basin, the amount of livestock rearing is low; yet the basin is subject to significant diffuse pollution due to agriculture. This paper reports our study of this case; we examine the literature on WFD implementation policy in order to identify the physical and social causes of this failure to reduce diffuse pollution. We show that the nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides that affect ground, surface and marine waters are attributable to structural changes in agricultural production rather than to inefficient farming practices. We describe how a series of instruments that were designed to combat the diffuse agricultural origins of pollutants have had little effect. We identify the main obstacles to improvement as being the dispersion of the targeted public and the dispersion of benefits, given the current nature of legitimacy in the European Union. This case illustrates the fact that intensive agricultural production has an impact on water quality far beyond the problem of excess manure from livestock production.

International audience ; European stakeholders engaged in combatting the eutrophication of the North Sea welcomed three Water Framework Directive innovations: a more holistic approach to quality, the binding nature of WFD objectives, and greater public participation. Twenty years later, however, there has been a disappointing amount of progress in the reduction of diffuse pollution. In the Seine River Basin, the amount of livestock rearing is low; yet the basin is subject to significant diffuse pollution due to agriculture. This paper reports our study of this case; we examine the literature on WFD implementation policy in order to identify the physical and social causes of this failure to reduce diffuse pollution. We show that the nitrates, phosphorus, and pesticides that affect ground, surface and marine waters are attributable to structural changes in agricultural production rather than to inefficient farming practices. We describe how a series of instruments that were designed to combat the diffuse agricultural origins of pollutants have had little effect. We identify the main obstacles to improvement as being the dispersion of the targeted public and the dispersion of benefits, given the current nature of legitimacy in the European Union. This case illustrates the fact that intensive agricultural production has an impact on water quality far beyond the problem of excess manure from livestock production.