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Kemerdekaan Indonesia 1945-1949 adalah rangkaian peristiwa yang penuh dengan gerakan heroik demi memperjuangkan kedaulatan Republik Indonesia. Siak termasuk wilayah yang tidak luput dari gelombang revolusi tersebut. Sultan Syarif Kasim II memainkan perannya dalam revolusi tersebut. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada pembahasan: (1) proses peralihan Siak menuju Republik, (2) alasan Sultan Syarif Kasim II mendukung Republik Indonesia, (3) Kebijakan Sultan Syarif Kasim II pada masa revolusi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah dengan mengumpulkan sumber-sumber sejarah yang relevan dengan penelitian ini. data dikumpulkan melalui studi pustaka, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, (1) sultan menunjukkan sikap antikolonial selama pemerintahannya (2) Ide demokrasi, pendidikan dan rasa nasionalisme menjadi alasan utama dibalik alasan sultan untuk mendukung Republik Indonesia. (3) sultan memberikan dukungan dengan dan ikut terlibat dalam konferensi raja-raja di Sumatera Timur.

The growth of the city of Medan since the end of the 19th century had not only shown changes in terms of city infrastructure but also caused problems of urban sanitation such as slum settlements, industrial and household waste as well as river pollution. This study aims to explain sanitation problems in Medan City and the efforts to overcome them. This study used historical methods consisting of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The sources used are archives, documents, city reports, city sheets, meeting minutes, contemporary newspapers, and other sources relevant to this study. The results show that the city's sanitation problems are caused by the habits of residents, plantation companies and institutions in the city government itself. These various sanitation problems were solved by developing urban sanitation despite having a limited city budget. This city sanitation development effort was focused on the aspects of public bathroom projects for the natives and the construction of a sewer system.Pertumbuhan Kota Medan sejak akhir abad 19 memperlihatkan perubahan dari sisi prasarana kota namun juga memberikan permasalahan sanitasi kota seperti permukiman kumuh, limbah industri dan rumah tangga serta pencemaran sungai. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan permasalahan sanitasi di Kota Medan dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Sumber-sumber yang digunakan adalah arsip, dokumen, laporan kota, lembaran kota, notulen rapat, surat kabar sezaman, dan sumber lain yang relevan dengan studi ini. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa masalah sanitasi kota disebabkan oleh kebiasaan penduduk, perusahaan perkebunan dan institusi pada pemerintah kota itu sendiri. Berbagai permasalahan sanitasi tersebut diatasi dengan membangun sanitasi kota meskipun memiliki anggaran kota yang terbatas. Usaha pembangunan sanitasi kota ini memperlihatkan konsentrasi dan kepedulian dalam bidang proyek kamar mandi umum bagi penduduk bumiputra dan pembangunan sistem saluran pembuangan limbah kota.Cite this article: Affandi, K.M., Agustono, B., Zuska, F. (2022). Urban Sanitation Problems and the Efforts to Overcome It in Medan City, 1909–1930s. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 32(1), 45-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v32i1.31353

The activity of community service on the improvement of area's hygiene in the district of Bahari Belawan is one of the appropriate activities in improving the hygiene and awareness of the people on the importance of keeping their area clean. Within this community service, the team together with Yayasan Fajar Sejahtera (YAFSI) and the government officer Belawan Bahari district have conducted socialization about the importance of hygienity and ways to manage and dump the waste properly. The method utilized is lecturing method, question and answer, demonstration and simulation. The lecturing method and question and aswer used to provide knowledge and theories about a clean environment. The simulation and demonstration method were used in order to train the people to practice what they have received about the management and development of waste bank. After the socialization had been conducted, the community service team has facilitated the waste bank in Bahari Belawan district and assisting the society in managing it. The result of this community service is an increase in awareness from the public regarding the importance of disposing and managing waste and creating economic opportunities from waste through managing plastic waste into economic value items such as paving blocks.Keywords: waste bank, socialization, clean environment, Bahari Belawan distict.

In today's world, we can point to many international disputes and interstate conflicts fueled by past events. Historical resentments or memories of past suffering or fame are often used to justify political, economic and even territorial demands. Inter-state disputes and historical conflicts should be understood as evidence of political and social tensions related to active, serious differences in the assessment of the common past. The book explains the role of such conflicts in international relations and suggests ways of classifying them. It presents examples of the internationally relevant instrumentalisation of history from different regions of the world and outlines ways of overcoming them.