Suchergebnisse

Contaminations, environnements, santé et société. De l'évaluation des risques à l'action publique, Toulouse, , 04-/07/2018 - 06/07/2018 ; International audience ; L'évolution de la production qualitative viticole, s'est faite durant plusieurs décennies par l'usage souvent excessif de produits phytosanitaires. L'objectif était la lutte contre les cryptogames, les ravageurs des plantes et la gestion de la concurrence des adventices concernant les éléments minéraux, l'eau, l'espace de développement. Ces pesticides, faciles à utiliser et très efficaces, ont été appliqués durant cette période de façon systématique suivant des recommandations, généralement à l'encontre de considérations agronomiques et écologiques. Mais l'usage bénéfique de ces molécules pour les agrosystèmes trouve aussi ses conséquences dans la contamination des écosystèmes et particulièrement les hydrosystèmes, ainsi que sur la santé humaine. Le projet pluridisciplinaire PhytoCOTE (agronomie, hydrobiologie, chimie environnementale, écotoxicologie, économie) étudie l'usage des produits phytosanitaires dans les agrosystèmes viticoles, leurs transferts dans les écosystèmes connexes (eau, air, sol), leur bioaccumulation et leur potentiel toxique chez les organismes aquatiques. Le site d'étude est localisé dans le Blayais, région viticole située sur la rive droite de l'estuaire de la Gironde. Les recherches ont d'abord permis d'évaluer la contribution de parcelles viticoles aux risques de contamination des eaux de surface par les produits phytosanitaires utilisés en viticulture, en tenant compte de critères descriptifs du milieu (sols, relief, connectivité des parcelles par rapport aux cours d'eau) et des pratiques viticoles (pression phytosanitaire, degré d'enherbement des parcelles, zones tampons). Des cartes de ces risques au niveau du parcellaire ont pu être établies. Parallèlement, un suivi annuel de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des concentrations en pesticides a été mis en place dans les différents compartiments environnementaux. Le suivi des cours d'eau permanents repose notamment sur le déploiement de capteurs passifs POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers) classiques à une fréquence mensuelle et de prélèvements d'eau ponctuels (bi-mensuels). L'analyse de la cartographie des risques, de la concentration en pesticides, de la modélisation des modes de conduite viticole (conventionnel, agrobiologie, agroécologie,.) et du comportement décisionnel des agriculteurs face aux choix des méthodes de protection phytosanitaire, devrait permettre d'établir des scenarii de changements de ces pratiques. Le but in fine est de proposer aux viticulteurs des mesures concrètes de nature agro-écologiques pour une réduction des usages de ces produits phytosanitaires et d'analyser comment ces mesures pourraient être influencées par les politiques publiques.

The occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds was previously detected in a French river impacted by an urban and a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Indeed, first investigations were conducted in surface water using polar organic compound integrative sampler (POCIS) at upstream and downstream of the WWTPs. Toxicological profiling of POCIS extracts was evaluated using in vitro bioassays based on luciferase gene reporter. Strong activities were found in POCIS extracts downstream from pharmaceutical factory. The identification of 60 chemicals (pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and steroids) by targeted chemical analyses (LC-MS/MS) did not totally explain the activities. In order to isolate the active chemicals and to identify them, POCIS crude extract was fractionated using Reverse Phase – High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Each fraction was then tested individually on in vitro cell lines. Several steroid compounds were detected by target analyses using LC-MS/MS and these chemicals explained the majority of observed activities in the selected fractions. For many highly active fractions, compounds responsible for these activities remained unknown. In this study, a LC-HRMS system (LC-QTOF) was used to identify these active compounds. The HPLC fractions were analyzed in (data-dependent) auto-MS/MS acquisition mode. Detected compounds in fractions of POCIS extract were compared to those found in the corresponding fractions of the blank sample. The characterization of compounds was performed on molecules only present in POCIS fractions. The procedure allowed the identification of several candidate molecules including drugs, steroids and some of their metabolites. The identification of some of them has been confirmed with purchased reference standards. The activity of these identified chemicals is still under process and results will be presented. Acknowledgements: The French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, the Aquitaine Region and the European Union (CPER A2E project) are acknowledged for their financial support. Europe is moving in Aquitaine with the European Regional Development Fund.

The occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds was previously detected in a French river impacted by an urban and a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Indeed, first investigations were conducted in surface water using polar organic compound integrative sampler (POCIS) at upstream and downstream of the WWTPs. Toxicological profiling of POCIS extracts was evaluated using in vitro bioassays based on luciferase gene reporter. Strong activities were found in POCIS extracts downstream from pharmaceutical factory. The identification of 60 chemicals (pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and steroids) by targeted chemical analyses (LC-MS/MS) did not totally explain the activities. In order to isolate the active chemicals and to identify them, POCIS crude extract was fractionated using Reverse Phase – High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Each fraction was then tested individually on in vitro cell lines. Several steroid compounds were detected by target analyses using LC-MS/MS and these chemicals explained the majority of observed activities in the selected fractions. For many highly active fractions, compounds responsible for these activities remained unknown. In this study, a LC-HRMS system (LC-QTOF) was used to identify these active compounds. The HPLC fractions were analyzed in (data-dependent) auto-MS/MS acquisition mode. Detected compounds in fractions of POCIS extract were compared to those found in the corresponding fractions of the blank sample. The characterization of compounds was performed on molecules only present in POCIS fractions. The procedure allowed the identification of several candidate molecules including drugs, steroids and some of their metabolites. The identification of some of them has been confirmed with purchased reference standards. The activity of these identified chemicals is still under process and results will be presented. Acknowledgements: The French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, the Aquitaine Region and the European Union (CPER A2E ...