Suchergebnisse

Elektronisches Publizieren und online verfügbare Quellenbestände haben die Geschichtswissenschaft verändert. Gesunkene Zugangshürden und einfache Suchmöglichkeiten beschleunigen den Blick in Quellen sowie Literatur und verbreitern die empirische Basis. Programme zum Bibliographieren, Recherchieren und Exzerpieren ersetzen den Zettelkasten, strukturieren unser Wissen neu und vereinfachen den Blick über geographische und disziplinäre Grenzen hinaus. In der Geschichtswissenschaft viel weniger bekannt sind dagegen Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung großer Textkorpora mittels computerlinguistischer Methoden. Solche Forschungen versuchen qualitative und quantitative Analyseschritte miteinander zu verbinden. Dieser Sprung von der »digitalisierten« zu einer »digitalen« Geschichtswissenschaft, die algorithmische Analyseverfahren methodisch innovativ nutzt und reflektiert, ist längst noch nicht vollzogen.

Sir— Switzerland covers 0.03% of the world's land surface, and lacks marine or tropical ecosystems. Yet we have found an estimated 345,000 type specimens (used for taxonomic naming of species) in Swiss museums and other collections. According to some estimates, there are about 1.5 million known species in the world. If correct, this means that Switzerland contains type specimens of up to a quarter of all the world's known species. This exceptional number is surprising, as Switzerland has never been a colonial power, nor does it contain many large natural-history collections like those kept in prestigious institutions elsewhere. The work was done by taxonomists who built up enormous global collections — for example, Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle and his son Alphonse in the nineteenth century, and Auguste Forel, who died in 1931 — and by others who focused on the biological survey of particular areas, such as New Caledonia or Paraguay. Establishing the exact number of types in Swiss collections is part of an initiative by the Swiss Biodiversity Collections Online Consortium (www.biodiversity.ch/sbc-online.ch) — a consortium of Swiss systematists, curators of biological collections, the Systematics Task Force and the Swiss Biodiversity Forum. The consortium is lobbying the Swiss federal government to invest in this unique resource so it can be made available to the scientific community, with access to visual sources and databases, through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and other Internet applications. The type collections are invaluable tools for use in international efforts to document our planet's biodiversity. Not only should they stimulate taxonomists to work on them, but they should surely be important enough for Switzerland to become a full member of GBIF so it can share its wealth with other scientists and conservationists. This activity may revitalize Swiss national systematics research, which has suffered several recent setbacks. Currently, there are no professors of systematic zoology ...

The number of described species on the planet is about 1.9 million, with ca. 17,000 new species described annually, mostly from the tropics. However, taxonomy is usually described as a science in crisis, lacking manpower and funding, a politically acknowledged problem known as the Taxonomic Impediment. Using data from the Fauna Europaea database and the Zoological Record, we show that contrary to general belief, developed and heavily-studied parts of the world are important reservoirs of unknown species. In Europe, new species of multicellular terrestrial and freshwater animals are being discovered and named at an unprecedented rate: since the 1950s, more than 770 new species are on average described each year from Europe, which add to the 125,000 terrestrial and freshwater multicellular species already known in this region. There is no sign of having reached a plateau that would allow for the assessment of the magnitude of European biodiversity. More remarkably, over 60% of these new species are described by non-professional taxonomists. Amateurs are recognized as an essential part of the workforce in ecology and astronomy, but the magnitude of non-professional taxonomist contributions to alpha-taxonomy has not been fully realized until now. Our results stress the importance of developing a system that better supports and guides this formidable workforce, as we seek to overcome the Taxonomic Impediment and speed up the process of describing the planetary biodiversity before it is too late.

The number of described species on the planet is about 1.9 million, with ca. 17,000 new species described annually, mostly from the tropics. However, taxonomy is usually described as a science in crisis, lacking manpower and funding, a politically acknowledged problem known as the Taxonomic Impediment. Using data from the Fauna Europaea database and the Zoological Record, we show that contrary to general belief, developed and heavily-studied parts of the world are important reservoirs of unknown species. In Europe, new species of multicellular terrestrial and freshwater animals are being discovered and named at an unprecedented rate: since the 1950s, more than 770 new species are on average described each year from Europe, which add to the 125,000 terrestrial and freshwater multicellular species already known in this region. There is no sign of having reached a plateau that would allow for the assessment of the magnitude of European biodiversity. More remarkably, over 60% of these new species are described by non-professional taxonomists. Amateurs are recognized as an essential part of the workforce in ecology and astronomy, but the magnitude of non-professional taxonomist contributions to alpha-taxonomy has not been fully realized until now. Our results stress the importance of developing a system that better supports and guides this formidable workforce, as we seek to overcome the Taxonomic Impediment and speed up the process of describing the planetary biodiversity before it is too late.

P. 167-185 ; The European Union has adopted the ambitious target of halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010. Several indicators have been proposed to assess progress towards the 2010 target, two of them addressing directly the issue of species decline. In Europe, the Fauna Europaea database gives an insight into the patterns of distribution of a total dataset of 130,000 terrestrial and freshwater species without taxonomic bias, and provide a unique opportunity to assess the feasibility of the 2010 target. It shows that the vast majority of European species are rare, in the sense that they have a restricted range. Considering this, the paper discusses whether the 2010 target indicators really cover the species most at risk of extinction. The analysis of a list of 62 globally extinct European taxa shows that most contemporary extinctions have affected narrow-range taxa or taxa with strict ecological requirements. Indeed, most European species listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List are narrow-range species. Conversely, there are as many wide-range species as narrow-range endemics in the list of protected species in Europe (Bird and Habitat Directives). The subset of biodiversity captured by the 2010 target indicators should be representative of the whole biodiversity in terms of patterns of distribution and abundance. Indicators should not overlook a core characteristic of biodiversity, i.e. the large number of narrow-range species and their intrinsic vulnerability. With ill-selected indicator species, the extinction of narrowrange endemics would go unnoticed ; SI