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Front Cover -- Judgements on History and Historians -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Translator's Preface -- Introduction -- I. Antiquity -- 1. Ancient History and Its Scope -- 2. On the Intellectual Indispensability of Studying Ancient History -- 3. The Limits of Civilization and Barbarism -- 4. Why Today's 'educated Man' Can No Longer Understand Antiquity -- 5. The Historical Significance of Egypt -- 6. The Phoenicians as the Earliest Creators of πóλεוς (polis) -- 7. On Carthage -- 8. Athens -- 9. Rome and Its Mission in World History -- 10. On the Roman Empire in Its First Two Centuries -- II. The Middle Ages -- 11. On the Middle Ages -- 12. On Early Christianity -- 13. Christianity as a Martyr Religion -- 14. On Asceticism and Its Position -- 15. The Spread of Nicene Christianity -- 16. The Church -- 17. Julian and the Prospect for a Restoration of Paganism -- 18. Western European Arianism and the Jews -- 19. The Breakup of the Western Empire -- 20. The Achievement of Clovis I -- 21. Mohammed as the Founder of a Religion, and Islam -- 22. The Despotism of Islam -- 23. Islam and Its Effects -- 24. The Two Main Realities for the Papacy of the Eighth Century -- 25. Charlemagne -- 26. The Normans -- 27. The Byzantine Empire and Its Mission -- 28. On the Iconoclastic Controversy -- 29. On the Crusades -- 30. The Sorrows and Sacrifices of the Crusades -- 31. On the Evaluation of the Later Middle Ages -- III. History from 1450 to 1598 -- 32. The Period from 1450 to 1598 and the Nineteenth Century's View of It -- 33. England in the Late Middle Ages -- 34. On Richard III -- 35. On the Wars of the Roses and on Scotland -- 36. Burgundy -- 37. Charles the Bold of Burgundy -- 38. France and the Idea of Unification -- 39. Louis XI -- 40. The German Imperial Power Under Frederick III -- 41. The Ottomans -- 42. The Republic of Florence.