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Are individual differences in political ideology associated with inclinations to hold more or less ambivalent attitudes? Extant research on the linear association of political ideology with attitudinal ambivalence yielded inconsistent findings. The present research tested the hypotheses (a) that the association of political ideology with attitudinal ambivalence is curvilinear with lower levels of ambivalence at both extremes of the ideological spectrum and (b) that higher political interest is associated with lower levels of attitudinal ambivalence. It used data from large and demographically diverse electoral surveys in a set of three studies (Study 1: N = 13,808; Study 2: N = 6,528; Study 3: N = 4,789) that focused on attitudes toward political candidates (Studies 1 and 2) as well as political parties (Study 3) in Germany. Overall, the results support both hypotheses even when general attitudes toward the politicians and parties are controlled in the analyses.

The disclosure of intimate information during initial encounters was examined within an attributional framework. One week after a short structured interaction with another (actually a tape recording) subjects were given either veridical or false feedback concerning their level of intimacy
in that interaction. Results indicate that this feedback had a greater effect on the reported degree of liking for the other and the disclosure level in a second interaction than did the subjects' actual initial disclosure level. No sex differences were found.

Evidence on the association of cognitive ability with economic attitudes is mixed. We conducted a meta-analysis (k = 20, N = 46,426) to examine the relationship between objective measures of cognitive ability and economic ideology and analyzed survey data (N = 3,375) to test theoretical explanations for the association. The meta-analysis provided evidence for a small positive association with a weighted mean effect size of r = .07 (95% CI = [0.02, 0.12]), suggesting that higher cognitive ability is associated with conservative views on economic issues, but effect sizes were extremely heterogeneous. Tests using representative survey data provided support for both a positive association of cognitive ability with economic conservatism that is mediated through income as well as for a negative association that is mediated through a higher need for certainty. Hence, multiple causal mechanisms with countervailing effects might explain the low overall association of cognitive ability with economic political attitudes.

Even though economic globalization and foreign trade are major topics in the political discourse of most societies and negative attitudes toward international trade are prevalent, there is a lack of research investigating the ideological roots of protectionist preferences from a psychological perspective. In the present research, we examined the implications of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) for trade attitudes. Using data from two nationally representative samples from the United States (Study 1) and Germany (Study 2), we found that RWA predicted protectionist attitudes above and beyond economic self-interest. Furthermore, we found that the relationship between RWA and opposition to international trade was moderated by political involvement. The association of SDO with protectionist attitudes was inconsistent across the two studies and was not moderated by political involvement. Taken together, these results emphasize the importance of basic ideological orientations and the psychological dispositions they reflect in explaining public attitudes toward international trade.

Even though economic globalization and foreign trade are major topics in the political discourse of most societies and negative attitudes toward international trade are prevalent, there is a lack of research investigating the ideological roots of protectionist preferences from a psychological perspective. In the present research, we examined the implications of right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) for trade attitudes. Using data from two nationally representative samples from the United States (Study 1) and Germany (Study 2), we found that RWA predicted protectionist attitudes above and beyond economic self‐interest. Furthermore, we found that the relationship between RWA and opposition to international trade was moderated by political involvement. The association of SDO with protectionist attitudes was inconsistent across the two studies and was not moderated by political involvement. Taken together, these results emphasize the importance of basic ideological orientations and the psychological dispositions they reflect in explaining public attitudes toward international trade.

According to the "great replacement" conspiracy theory, mass immigration to Europe and the U.S. is part of a secret plot to replace the autochthonous White and Christian population with non-White and Muslim immigrants. With the aim of exploring psychological factors that play a role in believing in the "great replacement" theory, the present research focused on individual differences in reflective thinking. Using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 906), we found that cognitive reflection was negatively associated with belief in the "great replacement" conspiracy theory, even when political ideology and sociodemographic characteristics were controlled in the analysis. The findings highlight the key role of reflective thinking in countering conspiracy theories.

Zur Beschreibung der politischen Orientierung von Personen oder Parteien sind die Begriffe links und rechts allgegenwärtig. Auch in sozialwissenschaftlichen Befragungen werden die Begriffe links und rechts genutzt, um zu erfassen, wo Menschen sich selbst und wo sie Parteien im politischen Spektrum verorten. Basierend auf Daten aus den letzten zwölf Jahren der German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) wird gezeigt, wie die politischen Parteien in Deutschland hinsichtlich ihrer Links-Rechts-Positionierung wahrgenommen werden, wie sich deren ideologische Verortungen im Laufe der Jahre gewandelt haben, wo Wähler:innen dieser Parteien sich selbst verorten und wie diese Verortungen mit wahrgenommenen themenspezifischen Positionierungen zusammenhängen.

The study of social influence has been central to social psychology since its inception. In fact, research on social influence began in the 1880s, predating the coining of the term social psychology. The area's influence continued through the 1960s, when it made seminal contributions at the beginning of social psychology's golden age, but by the mid-1980s, interest in this area had waned. Now the pendulum is swinging back, as seen in growing interest in motivational accounts. The chapters in this volume, written by leading scholars, cover a variety of topics in social influence, incorporating a range of levels of analysis (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intragroup) and both source and target effects.

Introduction -- Introduction and overview / Stephen G. Harkins and Kipling D. Williams -- Ethical issues in social influence research / Allan J. Kimmel -- Intrapersonal processes -- Social influence and gender / Linda L. Carli -- Social influence and personality / John B. Nezlek and Carrie Smith -- Interpersonal processes -- On the trail of social comparison / Jerry Suls and Ladd Wheeler -- Conformity and divergence in interactions, groups, and culture / Bert H. Hodges -- Compliance : a classic and contemporary review / Rosanna E. Guadagno -- Obedience / Jerry Burger -- Social norms and their enforcement / Jessica M. Nolan -- Social inhibition / Megan K. McCarty -- Social facilitation : using the molecular to inform the molar / Allison E. Seitchik, Adam J. Brown, and Stephen G. Harkins -- Protect, correct, and eject : ostracism as a social influence tool / Andrew H. Hales, Dongning Ren, and Kipling D. Williams -- Self-presentation and social influence : evidence for an automatic process / James M. Tyler and Katherine E. Adams -- Emotions as agents of social influence : insights from emotions as social information theory / Gerben van Kleef -- Intragroup processes -- Social identity and social influence / Amber M. Gaffney and Michael Hogg -- Deindividuation / Russell Spears -- Stability and change within groups / Matthew J. Hornsey and Jolanda Jetten -- Minority influence / Fabrizio Butera, Juan Manuel Falomire-Pichastor, and Alain Quiamzade -- The social psychology of leadership / Michael J. Platow, S. Alexander Haslam, and Stephen D. Reicher -- Social influence in applied settings -- Social influence and clinical intervention / Martin Heesacker -- Social influence and health / Leslie R. Martin and M. Robin DiMatteo -- The expanding, lop-sided universe of social influence and law research / Linda Demaine and Robert Cialdini -- Social influence in marketing: how other people influence consumer information processing and decision making / Amna Kirmani and Rosellina Ferraro -- The future -- The future of social influence in social psychology / Kipling D. Williams and Stephen G. Harkins -- Resistance to influence / Brad J. Sagarin and Mary Lynn Miller Henningsen -- The echo chamber / David Byrne -- Index

The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence restores this important field to its once preeminent position within social psychology. Editors Harkins, Williams, and Burger lead a team of leading scholars as they explore a variety of topics within social influence, seamlessly incorporating a range of analyses (including intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intragroup), and examine critical theories and the role of social influence in applied settings today.

Das hier vorliegende Dokument beschreibt die strategische Ausrichtung der German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES) zur Förderung von Open Science (Offene Wissenschaft). Hierbei wird anhand von vier Grundpfeilern des Konzepts von Open Science - Open Methodology, Open Data, Open Source und Open Access - dargestellt, in welchen Bereichen die GLES derzeit gut abschneidet, in
welchen Bereichen noch Verbesserungspotentiale vorhanden sind und welche Maßnahmen eingeleitet werden sollen, um die GLES nach Open Science Grundsätzen auszurichten. Die Umsetzung dieser Maßnahmen ist als langfristiger Prozess gedacht, bei dem existierende und neue Arbeitsprozesse sich am Ideal einer offenen Wissenschaftspraxis orientieren sollen. Ziel der hier vorgestellten Strategie soll es sein, sowohl Prozesse der Datenerhebung und Datenaufbereitung offen und transparent zu gestalten, als auch Forschende aktiv beim Praktizieren einer offenen Wissenschaft zu unterstützen. Das Dokument wurde von den Autor*innen in enger Rücksprache mit dem gesamten GLES Team bei GESIS und der Koordinierungsgruppe (KG) der GLES verfasst.

The GLES Open Science Challenge 2021 was a pioneering initiative in quantitative political science. Aimed at increasing the adoption of replicable and transparent research practices, it led to this special issue. The project combined the rigor of registered reports - a new publication format in which studies are evaluated prior to data collection/access and analysis - with quantitative political science research in the context of the 2021 German federal election. This special issue, which features the registered reports that resulted from the project, shows that transparent research following open science principles benefits our discipline and substantially contributes to quantitative political science. In this introduction to the special issue, we first elaborate on why more transparent research practices are necessary to guarantee the cumulative progress of scientific knowledge. We then show how registered reports can contribute to increasing the transparency of scientific practices. Next, we discuss the application of open science practices in quantitative political science to date. And finally, we present the process and schedule of the GLES Open Science Challenge and give an overview of the contributions included in this special issue.

Abstract
IntroductionWhen protease inhibitor (PI)‐based second‐line ART fails, guidelines recommend drug resistance testing and individualized third‐line treatment. However, PI‐resistant viral strains are rare and drug resistance testing is costly. We investigated whether less costly PI‐exposure testing can be used to select those patients who would benefit most from drug resistance testing.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of South African adults living with HIV experiencing failure of ritonavir‐boosted‐lopinavir (LPV/r)‐based second‐line ART for whom drug resistance testing results were available. We included patients who received plasma‐based drug resistance testing at a central South African reference laboratory in 2017 and patients who received dried blood spots (DBS)‐based drug resistance testing at a rural South African clinic between 2009 and 2017. PI‐exposure testing was performed on remnant plasma or DBS using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). Additionally, a low‐cost immunoassay was used on plasma. Population genotypic drug resistance testing of the pol region was performed on plasma and DBS using standard clinical protocols.ResultsSamples from 544 patients (494 plasma samples and 50 DBS) were included. Median age was 41.0 years (IQR: 33.3 to 48.5) and 58.6% were women. Median HIV‐RNA load was 4.9 log10 copies/mL (4.3 to 5.4). Prevalence of resistance to the NRTI‐backbone was 70.6% (349/494) in plasma samples and 56.0% (28/50) in DBS. Major PI‐resistance mutations conferring high‐level resistance to LPV/r were observed in 26.7% (132/494) of plasma samples and 12% (6/50) of DBS. PI‐exposure testing revealed undetectable LPV levels in 47.0% (232/494) of plasma samples and in 60.0% (30/50) of DBS. In pooled analysis of plasma and DBS samples, detectable LPV levels had a sensitivity of 90% (84% to 94%) and a negative predictive failure of 95% (91% to 97%) for the presence of major LPV/r resistance.ConclusionsPI‐exposure testing revealed non‐adherence in half of patients experiencing failure on second‐line ART and accurately predicted the presence or absence of clinically relevant PI resistance. PI‐exposure testing constitutes a novel screening strategy in patients with virological failure of ART that can differentiate between different underlying causes of therapy failure and may allow for more effective use of limited resources available for drug resistance testing.