Suchergebnisse

Legal entities or persons might want to neutralize the greenhouse gas emissions they have caused with their activities. In the context of this paper, voluntary compensation is defined as the cancellation of emission reduction credits that have been generated in a project-based approach. The question: Which compensation project should be selected?", which is one of the central aspects of analysis, is a classic example of decision theory from the perspective of the compensating entity.

Die rechtliche Beurteilung von Emissionshandelssystemen (EHS) muss auf nationaler und gemeinschaftsweiter Ebene erfolgen. Bislang konnten die relevanten Aspekte auch von Experten nur allgemein diskutiert werden, da noch keine konkreten Regeln zur Ausgestaltung von Emissionshandelssystemen definiert wurden – weder auf nationaler noch auf internationaler Ebene. In der Fachliteratur wird eine große Anzahl rechtlicher Aspekte diskutiert. Werden diese Aspekte entsprechend ihrer Relevanz selektiert, so reduziert sich die Diskussion auf wenige Grundprobleme, deren Bedeutung jedoch nicht zu unterschätzen ist. ; Regardless the fact that the Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC has not been enforced internationally yet, many industrialised nations have already become active in setting up national climate programmes. Some states like the United Kingdom and Denmark are within the implementation process of national emissions trading regimes, others - like Australia, France, the Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand and also Germany - have started consultations on such systems. Some voices argue that emissions trading does not comply with legal requirements in Germany and therefore cannot be implemented. The purpose of this discussion paper is to review literature and expert discussions on the issue and to evaluate the thesis above. A juridical evaluation of a German emissions trading system must consider both national and European legislation. Many aspects can only be evaluated theoretically today. - If one reduces all aspects of ongoing discussions to the most critical ones, only a few but still important issues remain. These are: protection of property rights, confidence and stock; principle of legal equity; potential conflicts with the final constitution and finally coherence of emissions trading and voluntary commitments. The concrete design of an emissions trading scheme - e.g. allocation method chosen - will be crucial for its legality in Germany. A close co-operation between national authorities and industry seems advisable in order to minimise resistance and conflicts. Evaluating all legal aspects - some of which are discussed in a critical way by the experts - there seems to be no prohibitive barrier. It should be possible to design a national emissions trading system in Germany in a way that legal requirements are met.

"Nachdem 1997 im Kyoto-Protokoll die Grundsteine für den Handel mit Emissionsrechten auf Staatenebene gelegt wurden, begann in zahlreichen Ländern eine Diskussion über die Einführung eines solchen Handels auf nationaler Ebene mit den tatsächlichen Emittenten als Verpflichtete. Während in Dänemark und Großbritannien derartige Systeme bereits implementiert sind, begann die Diskussion in Deutschland erst unter dem Druck der Entwicklungen auf europäischer Ebene. Ein wichtiger Bestandteil bei der Ausgestaltung eines Handelssystems ist die Frage nach der Allokation der Rechte. Der nachfolgende Artikel analysiert verschiedene Möglichkeiten für eine kostenlose Vergabe von Emissionsrechten und stellt daraus resultierende allokative Wirkungen dar." (Autorenreferat)

Art. 17 of the Kyoto Protocol defines International Emissions Trading exclusively on country level, sub-national entities like industrial installations or households are not included initially. However, there are some arguments for such an expansion, of which the most important ones are a significant increase of the overall efficiency of the trading system as well as an increase of market liquidity. In the first part of this paper, the options for an inclusion of sub-national entities are analysed, concluding that AAUs should not be allocated to participants directly. Instead, there are several options how those entities can be included in International Emissions Trading as defined in the Kyoto-Protocol in an indirect way. The second part of the paper elaborates on the design options of national trading systems. All governments planning to introduce a domestic emissions trading scheme covering entities need to consider several design parameters, e.g. the characteristics of emission targets, participants of the trading scheme, participation mode, covered gases, non-compliance provisions, etc. We analyse and evaluate the options for each of those aspects, having in mind that the design of a trading system must assure its environmental integrity and keep transaction costs low at the same time. ; Der ?Internationale Emissionshandel (IET)? wird nach Artikel 17 des Kyoto-Protokolls zunächst ausschließlich auf Staatenebene definiert. Es sprechen jedoch einige Gründe dafür, den Emissionshandel auch auf nicht staatliche Einheiten, wie z.B. industrielle und/oder private Emittenten auszudehnen. Die wesentlichen Vorteile sind die zu erwartende deutliche Erhöhung der Effizienz des Handelssystems sowie der Marktliquidität. Wir analysieren die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten einer derartigen Ausweitung des Emissionshandels. Eine direkte Einbeziehung subnationaler Einheiten durch die Zuteilung von Emissionsrechten nach dem Kyoto-Protokoll (AAUs) in den IET erscheint nicht empfehlenswert. Statt dessen bestehen verschiedene Möglichkeiten der indirekten Einbeziehung, bei der nationale ?Währungen? für Emissionsrechte ausgegeben werden. Zudem werden die verschiedenen Ausgestaltungsparameter analysiert, die bei der Einrichtung eines (inter-)nationalen Emissionshandelssystems berücksichtigt werden müssen. Dies sind u.a. die Definition von Teilnehmerkreis, Teilnahmemodus, Art der Emissionsziele, Einbeziehung von Gasen, Einbeziehung der projektbasierten Mechanismen sowie Strafregelungen. Die einzelnen Ausgestaltungsoptionen werden evaluiert, insbesondere hinsichtlich der grundlegenden Ziele des Emissionshandels: Sicherung der ökologischen Integrität bei Minimierung der entstehenden Kosten.

This special issue of the Climate Policy journal outlines the fundamentals of the new European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), assesses the strategies for and impact of implementation and highlights the scheme's potential, including positive aspects and remaining hurdles. The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the first international trading scheme for CO2 in the world. Its aim is to reduce the cost of compliance to existing targets under the Kyoto Protocol. From 1st January 2005, companies in high-energy sectors covered by the scheme must limit their CO2 emissions to allocated levels, arranged in two periods: from 2005-2007 and 2008-2012 (to match the first Kyoto commitment period) In practice, the scheme is likely to cover over 12,000 installations across the European Union, corresponding to approximately 46% of the total EU CO2 emissions.The EU ETS represents a significant development in working at an international level to combat dangerous climate change. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme presents a comprehensive and insightful analysis of the EU ETS, written by international experts in the field. The publication includes the latest research on emissions credits, the interaction of the trading scheme with national energy policies and the debate on future expansion.

This publication presents potential urban Article 6 activities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Kampala, Uganda. These case studies were developed as part of the project 'Urban market approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement - Recommendations for practical implementation,' focused on developing concrete structures for the use of urban carbon market approaches in Ethiopia and Uganda. Four case studies are presented in priority sectors: 1) Transition to electric cooking in Kampala, 2) Bus rapid transit in Kampala, 3) E-mobility in Addis and 4) Green cooling in Addis health facilities. Emission reduction potential and investment costs have been estimated for each project, along with suspected practical challenges that may arise during the implementation process. Based on stakeholder consultation and positive cost-benefit analysis, several case studies can be identified that hold significant potential for adoption in Uganda and Ethiopia, with the potential for replication across Africa and similar contexts. The most promising case studies - electric cooking in Kampala and e-mobility in Addis - should be developed further towards implementation due to their high environmental and benefits and low costs.