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Reginald A. Byron on patterns and policy preferences.

Reginald A. Byron on reports of poor service.

Public accommodations have been key sites of racial inequality in the United States for well over a century. Relative to employment and housing, however, systematic analyses of discrimination in public accommodations remain scarce in the sociological literature. Especially important may be whether and/or how organizational norms and directives underpin contemporary occurrences of racialized differential treatment in public accommodations. Based on an analysis of 319 closed case investigations gathered from Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to civil rights commissions across 18 U.S. cities and states (2015–2020), findings reveal that African Americans and, in particular, African American men are frequent targets in formal complaints of racial discrimination in public accommodations. Building on theoretical expositions regarding the organizational foundations of inequality, case materials suggest that organizations' ideal patron norms, policies, and directives play a foundational role in producing these racial disparities. Several purportedly "colorblind" institutionalized tools (e.g., admission tickets, restroom access, tote/bookbag rules, and dress codes) were also found to be central to these processes. As such, I argue that organizations of public accommodation contribute to the (re)creation of racial hierarchies as they normalize, direct, weaponize, and legitimize gatekeepers' profiling and discretion—discretion which is often imbued with explicit or implicit stereotypes of the iconic ghetto/Negro—in these incidents.

Anhand einer Analyse der St. Patrick's Day-Parade als Ausdruck irischer Ethnizität, die 1993 in Albany, New York, stattgefunden hat, wird untersucht, welche Botschaften die Teilnehmer dieser Veranstaltung haben und für wen und inwiefern Fragen der freien Meinungsäußerung und der Bürgerrechte aufgeworfen werden. Geschildert wird der Ablauf dieser Veranstaltung und die Konflikte, die an diesem Tag ausgetragen wurden. Verallgemeinernd festzustellen ist, dass in dem Maße, in dem das alltägliche Milieu ethnischen Lebens für europäische Einwanderer schrittweise verschwand und die Iren im amerikanischen Mainstream aufgingen, diese Veranstaltung wieder auflebte und an Popularität gewann. Der Autor zeigt, wie eine scheinbar ethnische Veranstaltung in der multikulturellen Gesellschaft durchaus zu einem Moment interkultureller Integration werden kann. (prh)

The forms and processes of local-level social organisation seen today in fishing communities in northern Europe can be fully appreciated only after their history is recognized and explored. Until the middle of this century, the predominant form of organisation was the joint maritime household, which involved men and women in separate sets of collaborative activities. With changing technology, rising standards of living, and the intervention of the institutions of modernity, women everywhere in northern Europe have been able to disengage themselves from their former obligations, doing so largely in order to realise their aspirations for domestic independence. The men, however, continue to own their boats in partnerships and to pool their labour, drawing upon relationships of kinship, affinity, and neighbourhood as economic and social recnnrces

At the beginning of the 1970's one of the most peripheral parts of the British Isles, by the end of the decade it could be argued that Shetland, because of oil, had become one of the most central places in the economic geography of Britain. This article describes some of the changes that have occured in the social and economic organisation of one Shetland community between 1971 and 1979.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Editors' Preface -- Introduction -- Part One: Changing Policies and Perspectives -- 1 Supporting Entrepreneurship in Marginal Rural Areas: Experience from the West of Ireland -- 2 Quo Vadis Norwegian Regional Policy? -- 3 An Organisational Approach to the Development of Regional Dynamism -- 4 Resistance, Adaptation and Retrenchment in Marginal Regions -- 5 Sleeping on the Mountain: Homelessness on the Margins -- 6 Policies to Protect Family Farming in New York State and a Devolved Wales: A Case of Convergence? -- Part Two: Evaluating Local Enterprise -- 7 A Strategy for Sustainable Local Development: A Case from the Midwest of Ireland -- 8 An Economic Evaluation of the Provision of Countryside Recreational Opportunities: The Grampian Region -- 9 The Language Dimension in Local Development: The Case of Corca Dhuibhne Gaeltacht -- 10 Empowering Communities through Community Action in Rural Ireland: The Case of Muintir na Tíre -- 11 Enterprise and Resistance in the Celtic Fringe: High-growth, Low-growth, and No-growth Firms -- 12 Optimising the Contribution of Private Forestry to the Sustainable Development of Rural Ireland -- Part Three: Local Strategies of Enterprise and Adaptation -- 13 Why Do Young People Leave Fishing Communities in Coastal Finnmark, North Norway? -- 14 Outports under Threat: Systemic Roots of Social Crisis in Rural Newfoundland -- 15 Crofting and CAP Reform -- 16 Forestry Resources and Local Sustainable Development in Western Norway -- 17 Strengthening Links between Agriculture and Tourism on the Rural Periphery: A Case Study of Southwest Wales -- 18 Labour Recruitment and Economic Change in a Peripheral Economy: Evidence from Northwest Wales