Suchergebnisse

TWO HYPOTHESES, THAT FRENCHMEN ARE COMING INCREASINGLY TO VIEW POLITICS IN BIPOLAR TERMS, AND THAT THIS TENDENCY IS STRONGEST AMONG THE YOUNG, ARE TESTED USING SURVEY DATA FROM PROBABILITY SAMPLES OF THE FRENCH ELECTORATE DRAWN IN 1958, 1967 AND 1969. THE CONCLUSION IS THAT FRENCH ELECTORAL OPINION WILL CONTINUE TO MOVE TOWARD A BIPOLAR CONFIGURATION AS TIME PASSES.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE MYTH OF THE CLASSICAL POLIS AS AN EXTENDED DEBATING SOCIETY, COMPRISING A BODY OF CITIZENS IN A POLITICAL ARENA OR 'PUBLIC SPACE' EVER ENGAGED AT DEVELOPING SOME ESSENTIAL PART OF THEMSELVES BY THEIR POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS AND CHOICES. THE MYTH HAS HAD A STULTIFYING EFFECT ON THE STUDY OF GREEK NOTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. THE STULTIFICATION IS MAINLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO INADEQUACIES OF THIS CONCEPTION OF THE BIOS POLITIKOS AS A RESEARCH MODEL. THE AUTHOR POINTS OUT SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT OF THESE INADEQUACIES ON TWO FRONTS: ITS RENDITION OF THE POLIS AS 'PUBLIC SPACE', AND ITS PARTICIPATORY IDEAL, ADVANCED AS A CENTRAL FEATURE OF GREEK POLITICAL EXPERIENCE.

A POPULAR SCHOLASTIC VIEW IS THAT CONSTITUTIONALISM COULD NOT HAVE EXISTED WITHIN GREEK CITY-STATES BECAUSE THE DISTINCTIVE CONCEPTION OF A PRIVATE SPHERE OF RIGHTS WHICH CONSTITUTIONALISM FUNCTIONS TO PROTECT CAN EMERGE ONLY IN A SECULAR AGE WHEN THE SELF-ABNEGATING DEMANDS OF ARCHAIC RELIGION HAVE BEEN REJECTED. CAMPBELL ARGUES THAT THIS VIEW OF ATHENS IS UNTENABLE BOTH ON EVIDENTIAL GROUNDS AND ON ITS ASSUMPTIONS.

PROFESSIONALIZATION ENTAILED A RETREAT OF INTELLECT FROM POLITICS IN SIGNIFICANT WAYS, AT LEAST WHEN MEASURED AGAINST ATHENIAN DIMINISHED ESTIMATE OF THE VALIDITY AND SELF-DEFINING INTEGRITY OF PUBLIC INTERESTS, AND A LOSS OF THAT SENSE OF UNWAVERING ALLEGIANCE TO THE CITY WHICH HAD CHARACTERIZED TRADITIONAL POLITICAL INTELLECTUALS SUCH AS SOLON AND PERICLES. MOREOVER, THE AUTHOR SUGGESTS THAT THE INTELLECTUAL'S INABILITY TO ASSUME HIS ENVISIONED ROLE WAS NOT MERELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO HIS CORRUPT ERA, AS HE CLAIMED. HE WAS RENDERED INCOMPETENT IN POLITICS BY HIS VERY COMMITMENTS AS AN INTELLECTUAL. HAVING CAST HIS PERSPECTIVE IN OPPOSITION TO THE UNRULY POLITICAL REALM, HE COULD NOT FINALLY RECONCILE THE TWO. THE SYMBOLIC UNIVERSE THAT IS THE OBJECT TO HIS CONTEMPLATION AND LOYALTY REMAINS UNAPPROACHABLY APOLITICAL IN ITS PERFECTION.

Our food systems have performed well in the past, but they are failing us in the face of climate change and other challenges. This book tells the story of why food system transformation is needed, how it can be achieved and how research can be a catalyst for change. Written by a global interdisciplinary team of researchers, it brings together perspectives from multiple areas including climate, environment, agriculture, and the social sciences to describe how different tools and approaches can be used to tackle food system transformation. It provides practical, actionable insights for policymakers and advisors, demonstrating how science together with strong partnerships can enable real transformation on the ground. It also contributes to the academic debate on the transformation of food systems, and so will be an invaluable reference for researchers and students alike. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Death Squads: Definition, Problems, and Historical Context -- I: HISTORICAL CASES -- 2 "To Induce a Sense of Terror": Caudillo Politics and Political Violence in Northern Nicaragua, 1926-34 and 1981-95 -- 3 Feme Murder: Paramilitary "Self-Justice" in Weimar Germany -- II: DEMOCRATIC REGIME TRANSITIONS -- 4 Window on the Past: A Declassified History of Death Squads in El Salvador -- 5 State of Siege: Political Violence and Vigilante Mobilization in the Philippines -- III: SOCIAL CONTROL -- 6 State Terrorism and Death Squads in Uganda (1971-79) -- 7 From Petrus to Ninja: Death Squads in Indonesia -- 8 Modernity and Devolution: The Making of Police Death Squads in Modern Brazil -- IV: NATIONAL, ETHNIC, AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITY CONFLICT -- 9 The Rise and Fall of Apartheid's Death Squads, 1969-93 -- 10 India's Secret Armies -- 11 Territoriality and Plausible Deniability: Serbian Paramilitaries in the Bosnian War -- Appendix: Death Squad Cases: A Short Summary -- Bibliography -- About the Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.