Suchergebnisse

La presente tesi ha ad oggetto il tema dei canali regolari e sicuri di accesso al territorio dell'Unione Europea per migranti e richiedenti asilo. L'obiettivo è valutare se e in che misura l'Unione Europea si stia conformando ai principi di diritto internazionale dei rifugiati e dei diritti umani, e agli standard di governance delle migrazioni che si vanno affermando a livello globale, in particolare in seguito all'adozione della Dichiarazione di New York su migranti e rifugiati e dei due rispettivi Global Compact. La prima parte prende in esame la graduale affermazione di regole di condotta e obiettivi comuni di governance migratoria, derivanti dall'interazione fra strumenti giuridici e strumenti di policy, tanto a livello globale, quanto a livello regionale. La seconda parte mira a ricostruire il quadro dei canali regolari di ingresso esistenti, con l'obiettivo di valutare se l'Unione Europea sia effettivamente capace di veicolare prassi virtuose in questo settore, consentendo l'ammissione e l'integrazione sul proprio territorio di migranti e richiedenti asilo in una prospettiva di lungo periodo. In quest'ottica viene presa in considerazione anche la dimensione esterna della politica migratoria, al fine di capire se nella cooperazione con i paesi terzi di origine e transito dei flussi l'Unione e i suoi stati membri perseguano una mera esternalizzazione delle frontiere – e dunque delle responsabilità – ad ogni costo, o se, al contrario, tale politica sia accompagnata dalla volontà di incentivare l'effettiva apertura di canali regolari e sicuri di ingresso. The present research addresses the issue of safe and regular access to the territory of the European Union, with the aim to evaluate whether and to what extent such regional organization adheres to the principles of international refugee and human rights law and to the standards on migration governance emerging at global level, in particular with the adoption of the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants and of the two UN Global Compacts. The first part focuses on the gradual affirmation of common rules of conduct and goals governing migration management, as a result of the adoption and interaction of legal and policy instruments, both at regional and international level. The second part aims to reconstruct the existing framework of legal channels for the admission and stay of third-country nationals on the territory of the European Union, with the aim to evaluate whether the European Union is effectively able to foster best practices at regional level in this area, enabling the admission and integration on a long-term basis of migrants and asylum seekers. In this view it is also evaluated whether in the cooperation with third countries the EU and its Member States merely pursue the externalization of migration control and responsibilities at any cost, or whether their external policy is also aimed to incentivize the effective opening of regular migration routes.

While dealing with the current migration challenges, the European Union is revealing the overall weakness of its institutional and political architecture, consequently failing to give practical implementation to all those fundamental rights, contained in several widely shared international and regional legal instruments, on which its own legitimacy and credibility as human rights protector are based. Instead of putting its common values and policies in practice through the elaboration of a coherent supranational strategy, the Union is diverting its action to a deal-making approach grounded on the collaboration with third countries or origin or transit, apparently directed to the externalization of its responsibilities in migration and asylum field. This approach risks however to undermine the protection of asylum seekers' rights and interests. The most indicative example of this tendency is given by the Statement that on 18 March 2016 the EU Heads of State or Government negotiated with the Turkish counterpart in order to manage the increasing influx of asylum seekers and irregular migrants coming mainly from the Middle East's States and reaching the Greek islands via Turkey, that masks, with the pretext of preventing the smuggling routes, a greater desire to halt the entries in the EU territory through a stronger control of borders and a semi-automatic return mechanism. This research is aimed in the first place at clarifying the legal nature of the Statement and more specifically whether it has to be considered or not as a binding deal and if yes who is/are the subject/s responsible for its enactment on the EU side. In the second place, the objective is that of putting in evidence the possible violations of human rights and European Migration Law that the execution of the commitments agreed would entail, the inherent deficiencies of the Greek asylum system and the necessity for the EU to develop a common strategy for migration management which is effectively compliant with its own rules and values. Moreover, the Statement is analysed in the light of the new proposed reform of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and in particular of the Asylum Procedures Directive (APD), that risks further jeopardise asylum seekers' guarantees through a massive application of the 'safe third country' and 'first country of asylum' concepts. This unavoidably leads to question whether Turkey, beyond the efforts made in the alignment of its domestic legislation to the EU acquis, can be considered in practice as a 'safe country' in accordance with the EU standards, to where Syrians and migrants of other nationalities can be returned without incurring in the violation of their fundamental rights, such as the non-refoulement principle and the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In view of this current challenge, the EU should reflect on its role as a key unitary player on the international stage and build an alternative model of solidarity among Member States, which is fairer, more efficient and does not weaken asylum seekers' safeguard. Furthermore, also when acting on the external dimension the Union should endorse a strategy that is consistent with the principles and objectives affirmed by its primary Law, which should inspire not only Member States' policies at the internal level, but also the cooperation with third parties, ensuring a full respect of migrants' human rights.