Suchergebnisse

Some states have a long history of reaching out to citizens living in other countries but since 2000 it has become much more common for states to encourage loyalty from current or former citizens living abroad. Using detailed case studies, this book sets out to explain this significant development, with an innovative new theoretical framework

Geographers have a long-standing interest in citizenship as the link between political and territorial membership. Yet, even when key political processes associated with citizenship, such as voting or lobbying government institutions are carried out from beyond the territory there is a more complex relationship with territory that the simple 'inside/outside' division that external voting suggests. Although a number of general explanations have been offered for the introduction of external voting, and for the nature of the systems introduced it seems that contextual, country specific factors concerning the history and nature of the relationship between the government and emigrant groups are usually determinant. This paper then finally turns to recent research in the Maghreb to examine the gradual convergence of state policies on this subject.

AbstractThe European Union's discourse of 'partnership' in the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility and the widely expressed critique of this discourse as a process of 'externalization' of EU policy both depend on unitary accounts of the main policy actors involved. Two separate literatures contest such unitary accounts. Within political science and international relations, institutional approaches identify a range of strategic actors involved in policy development; in anthropology, there is a well‐established interest in the strategic behaviour of disempowered actors. In this article, I set out to link these two approaches with an examination of undocumented migrants as strategic actors. I use a case study of events at the borders between Morocco and the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in late 2005, which have proved extremely influential in the continued development of the EU's global approach, to identify the ways in which even highly marginalized migrants were able to develop transnational social organizations.

Improving EU and US Immigration Systems' Capacity for Responding to Global Challenges: Learning from experiences ; Abstract High-level policy interest in the European Union dates to the late 1990s and has entered a new stage since 2005. This more recent approach moves away from purely instrumentalist concern with development as a way of pursuing goals of migration control, evident in earlier policies. The continued poor quality of data inhibits effective evaluation of this new approach, though it is clear that budgets allocated by EU Member States and the Commission are still relatively small compared to ODA, private remittance flows and especially migration control. Policy retains a focus on remittance flows; this is understandable since data is best, tangible outcomes are clearest and measurable targets have been set. Yet broader concerns are reflected in some recent approaches and the paper highlights a range of best practice examples. These examples illustrate the change in content of policy, particularly responses to developing technologies and the inclusion of a variety of non-state actors. As data improves, more accurate evaluations of all of these initiatives will be possible, but a continual focus on the accuracy and availability of that data is required to support this.

Las actuales negociaciones de la Unión Europea (UE) con la Unión Africana (UA) han identificado una serie de medidas claras y viables que tal vez logren convertir la búsqueda de ideales para una gestión más positiva de las migraciones mediterráneas en una realidad. Los inmigrantes que llegan clandestinamente a la UE se enfrentan a una serie de riesgos evidentes, por lo que su seguridad ha suscitado una preocupación generalizada. Sin embargo, sólo representan un pequeño porcentaje del total de inmigrantes indocumentados que hay en Europa, recibiendo un nivel de atención por parte del ámbito político y de los medios de comunicación totalmente desproporcionado con relación a su importancia numérica. La respuesta europea se centra principalmente en la adopción de medidas de control –lo que todavía compromete más la seguridad de los inmigrantes–, aborda las consecuencias del problema en lugar de la causa, y resulta especialmente cara. Pese a que la UE y los gobiernos de los Estados miembros suelen manifestar la necesidad de invertir en soluciones a largo plazo para mejorar las condiciones en los países de origen, hasta hace poco la prioridad y los presupuestos destinados a tales iniciativas han sido relativamente moderados. Además, también se han visto afectadas por principios de desarrollo demasiado vagos que carecen de propuestas concretas. La dificultad de avanzar en este terreno se refleja en la intensidad de los debates intergubernamentales, con tres procesos políticos bien diferenciados en la región euromediterránea. Sin embargo, en los últimos tiempos se han observado indicios que sugieren un posible cambio en el estancamiento alcanzado en tales debates. Las actuales negociaciones de la UE con la UA han identificado una serie de medidas claras y viables –como el hecho de encaminar los esfuerzos hacia la creación de empleo– que tal vez logren convertir la búsqueda de ideales para una gestión más positiva de las migraciones mediterráneas en una realidad.