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Objetivo: Explorar y comparar las características de los centros de educación primaria (CEP) de Andalucía, Canarias y Principado de Asturias en función de si compran o no alimentos de proximidad para los comedores escolares, así como la opinión de los/las responsables del comedor sobre los beneficios y las dificultades para incorporarla. Método: Mediante un cuestionario electrónico se recogió información de las características de 186 CEP y la opinión de los/las responsables del comedor sobre los beneficios/dificultades de la compra de alimentos de proximidad. Los datos se estratificaron según la forma de adquisición de los alimentos (compra de alimentos de proximidad: sí/no) y se aplicó el test de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: El 38,2% de los CEP estudiados compra alimentos de proximidad. Es más frecuente en centros de zonas rurales (51,0%), con comedores autogestionados (80,0%) y con cocina propia (65,5%). Dichos centros cuentan con menús más económicos que sus homólogos (69,8%), participan con mayor frecuencia en programas de alimentación saludable (81,5%) y compran más alimentos ecológicos (65,8%). Según la mayoría de los/las participantes cuyos centros compran alimentos de proximidad, sus beneficios son el fomento de la economía local (97,2%), la oferta de alimentos frescos (97,2%) y la sostenibilidad ambiental (93%), y sus dificultades son la capacidad productiva de la región (50,7%), la variación estacional de la producción (71,8%) y la falta de apoyo (42,3%) y de información de la Administración (46,5%). Conclusión: La ubicación de los centros, la gestión del comedor y la disponibilidad de cocina pueden condicionar el desarrollo de la compra de alimentos de proximidad en las escuelas. El apoyo institucional podría ayudar a integrarla en los CEP, mejorando la alimentación escolar con menor coste económico y ambiental. ; Objective: To explore and compare the characteristics of Primary Education Centres (PEC) in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Principality of Asturias depending on whether or not they make local food purchases (LFP) for school meals and to explore the opinion of cafeteria managers about the benefits and challenges of this type of purchase. Method: Information on the characteristics of 186 PECs and opinions of cafeteria managers about the benefits/challenges of LFP was collected through an electronic questionnaire. Data were stratified according to how the products were purchased (LFP: yes/no), and the chi square test was applied. Results: 38.2% of the PECs studied make LFP. This is more frequent in rural areas (51.0 with self-managed cafeterias (80.0%), and their own kitchen (65.5%). These centres have less expensive menus than their peers (69.8%), participate more frequently in healthy eating programmes (81.5%) and purchase more organic food products (65.8%). According to the majority of the participants whose centres engage in LFP, the benefits include: supporting the local economy (97.2%), the offer of fresh foods (97.2%) and environmental sustainability (93.0%). The challenges include: productive capacity of the region (50.7%), the seasonal variation in food production (71.8%), and the lack of support (42.3%) and information from the government (46.5%). Conclusion: The location of the centres, the management of the cafeteria and the availability of a kitchen on site can influence the development of LFP in schools. Government support could help to integrate LFP in schools, improving school meals at a lower economic and environmental cost.

Objetivos: Explorar la distribución temporal de la mortalidad por violencia del compañero íntimo (VCI) e identificar posibles agrupamientos temporales en la ocurrencia de muertes por VCI en España. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo basado en las muertes de mujeres por VCI incluidas en el registro de la Federación de Mujeres Separadas y Divorciadas (1998-2003). Se calculó la razón entre las muertes por VCI sucedidas en el mes correspondiente y la mediana de muertes del quinquenio anterior (índice epidémico) desde enero hasta julio de 2003. Se aplicó el modelo de Poisson para contrastar las diferencias observadas por años (1998-2002), por estaciones, por meses y por días de la semana, y se realizó un análisis de regresión simple con la media trimestral de muertes por VCI. Por último, se realizó un análisis de agrupamientos temporales. Resultados: Se observó un índice epidémico (IE) elevado en la mortalidad por VCI en los meses de enero (IE = 1,6), marzo (IE = 1,2), mayo (IE = 1,5), junio (IE = 2) y julio (IE = 2,4) de 2003. Teniendo como referencias el año 1998 y el día de la semana domingo, respectivamente, la mortalidad por VCI resultó significativamente mayor en 2001 (riesgo relativo [RR] = 1,52; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC del 95%], 1,05-2,20) y los lunes (RR = 1,77; IC del 95%, 1,13-2,76). El análisis de regresión confirmó la tendencia creciente entre el primer trimestre de 1998 y el último de 2001 (p = 0,022). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas ni por meses ni por estaciones. No se dieron agrupamientos temporales en la distribución de las muertes por VCI. Conclusiones: La violencia del compañero íntimo es en la actualidad una epidemia creciente en España en la que no se detecta un patrón temporal definido. Los esfuerzos políticos y legales de la sociedad para aminorar este problema no parecen estar teniendo éxito. ; Objectives: To analyze the temporal distribution of mortality due to violence by intimate partners (VIP) and to identify possible temporal clusters in women deaths by VIP in Spain. Methods: We performed a descriptive epidemiological study based on the VIP deaths included in the database of the Federation of Divorced and Separated Women (1998-2003). The epidemic index (EI) was calculated as the ratio between the actual number of VIP deaths in a given month from January to July 2003 and the median number in the same month in the five preceding years. A Poisson model was used to analyze the distribution by years (1998-2002), seasons, months, and days. Simple regression analysis was performed with three monthly means. A temporal cluster analysis was also carried out. Results: In 2003, the EI of VIP mortality was high in January (EI = 1.6), March (EI = 1.2), May (EI = 1.5), June (EI = 2), and July (EI = 2.5). Compared with 1998 and Sundays, respectively, mortality due to VIP was significantly increased in 2001 (relative risk, RR = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05- 2.20) and on Mondays (RR = 1.77; 95%CI, 1.13-2.76). The regression analyses confirmed an increase between the first three-month period of 1998 and the last three-month period of 2001. There were no differences between seasons and months. No temporal clusters of deaths were detected. Conclusions: VIP is currently an increasing epidemic in Spain with no clear temporal pattern. Political and legal efforts to reduce this problem do not seem to be successful. ; Instituto de la Mujer, Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, ISC-III.

This book presents strategies and practices to allow everyday companies to cope with the fundamentally changing landscape of business models and to take advantage of the huge business opportunities arising from the advent of big data. It develops several case studies from companies in traditional industries like LEGO, Yamato and Mediq, but also examines small start-ups like Space Tango, which is partnering with major multinationals to develop new business models using big data. The book argues that businesses need to adapt and embark on their big data journey, helps them take the first step, and guides them along their way. It presents successful examples and deducts essential takeaway lessons from them, equipping executives to capitalize on big data and enabling them to make intelligent decisions in the big data transformation, giving their companies an essential competitive edge.

El presente artículo tiene como propósito analizar el alcance del pacto arbitral en el régimen societario colombiano, específicamente, en cómo hacer extensiva la cláusula compromisoria a las controversias con administradores sociales. La naturaleza del documento es de reflexión, su objetivo es presentar los resultados de una investigación desde una perspectiva analítica e interpretativa, acerca de la aplicación de la cláusula compromisoria a los conflictos suscitados con administradores sociales. Se emplearon los siguientes recursos metodológicos: en primer lugar, se realizó una revisión de literatura con el fin de analizar desde un punto de vista doctrinal y normativo el concepto del pacto arbitral y su aplicación en el contrato social. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de los pronunciamientos de la Delegatura de Procedimientos Mercantiles de la Superintendencia de Sociedades sobre la extensión del pacto arbitral a los administradores. Por último, se plantearon los argumentos que justifican la imposibilidad de aplicar la cláusula compromisoria a los administradores sin su consentimiento expreso.

The present study aims to examine the differences in daily fruit and vegetable consumption in the working population in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using data from the 2017 National Health Survey (n = 10,700 workers aged between 18 and 65 years). The daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was evaluated using two items included in a food frequency questionnaire. Occupations were classified into the 17 main groups of the National Classification of Occupations of 2011 (CNO-11). The prevalence (P) of daily fruit and vegetable consumption was calculated in relation to sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, work-related characteristics and occupations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association, with simple and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR). The P of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables in workers was 60% for fruit and 40% for vegetables. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors, workers working night or rotating shifts had a lower consumption of fruits (aOR:0.9; p < 0.05), and those working on temporary contracts had a lower consumption of vegetables (aOR:0.8; p < 0.05). Engineers, scientists, health care workers and teachers had the highest fruit consumption (74.5%) and the highest vegetable consumption (55.1%). The lowest consumption of fruits was presented by the military (42.3%) and unskilled workers in the service sector (45.8%), and the lowest consumption of vegetables was presented by skilled construction workers (25.5%). These findings could aid in workplace health promotion and could be used in future studies to evaluate the impact of the activities adopted.

The present study aims to examine the differences in daily fruit and vegetable consumption in the working population in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using data from the 2017 National Health Survey (n = 10,700 workers aged between 18 and 65 years). The daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was evaluated using two items included in a food frequency questionnaire. Occupations were classified into the 17 main groups of the National Classification of Occupations of 2011 (CNO-11). The prevalence (P) of daily fruit and vegetable consumption was calculated in relation to sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, work-related characteristics and occupations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association, with simple and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR). The P of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables in workers was 60% for fruit and 40% for vegetables. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors, workers working night or rotating shifts had a lower consumption of fruits (aOR:0.9; p < 0.05), and those working on temporary contracts had a lower consumption of vegetables (aOR:0.8; p < 0.05). Engineers, scientists, health care workers and teachers had the highest fruit consumption (74.5%) and the highest vegetable consumption (55.1%). The lowest consumption of fruits was presented by the military (42.3%) and unskilled workers in the service sector (45.8%), and the lowest consumption of vegetables was presented by skilled construction workers (25.5%). These findings could aid in workplace health promotion and could be used in future studies to evaluate the impact of the activities adopted.

Objetivo: Identificar y caracterizar las iniciativas que fomentan la compra local de alimentos para el suministro de los comedores escolares en España y los centros escolares que las llevan a cabo. Método: Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, basado en la consulta de fuentes secundarias e informantes clave. Se buscaron iniciativas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales de ámbito autonómico. Las gubernamentales se localizaron a través de los programas de comedores escolares de las comunidades autónomas y sus guías alimentarias, y de representantes de las consejerías de educación y agricultura. Las no gubernamentales se localizaron en páginas web y mediante la técnica de bola de nieve. Dichas iniciativas se analizaron en función de su distribución geográfica, ámbito del organismo promotor (gubernamental o no), número de centros escolares que las desarrollan, forma de gestión de los centros y compra de alimentos ecológicos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos. Resultados: Se localizaron 12 iniciativas desarrolladas en 318 centros escolares (un 2,16% del total de centros con servicio de comedor en España). De ellas, seis son gubernamentales, con 274 centros vinculados (1,86%), y seis no son gubernamentales, con 44 centros (0,30%). La mayoría de estos centros son de gestión pública (n = 284). Todas las iniciativas contemplan la compra de alimentos ecológicos. Conclusión: Las iniciativas de compra local de alimentos en España tienen un alcance limitado en los centros escolares. No obstante, la existencia de una directriz estatal podría apoyar y fortalecer su desarrollo, dado que la adhesión de los centros es mayor cuando se impulsa desde el sector público. ; Objective: To identify and characterize initiatives that promote the purchase of locally-sourced foods to supply schools and the school centres carrying out the initiatives. Method: Exploratory, descriptive study based on secondary data and key informant reports. A search of governmental and non-governmental initiatives was carried out at the autonomous community level. Government initiatives were located through school feeding programmes in the different autonomous communities, their nutritional guides and representatives of the councils for education and agriculture. Non-governmental initiatives were found through their own websites and the snowball technique. Initiatives were analysed by their geographic distribution, organizational area (government vs. non-government), number of school centres carrying out the initiatives, management style and organic food purchase. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. Results: 12 initiatives carried out by 318 schools (2.16% of all the schools with food service in Spain) were identified. Among these, 6 are governmental initiatives with a scope of 274 schools (1.86%), and 6 are non-governmental initiatives with a scope of 44 schools (0.30%). Most of these schools have a public management system in place (n = 284). All the initiatives provide for the purchase of organic food. Conclusion: Local food purchase initiatives in Spain have a limited reach. However, the existence of a state directive could support and strengthen the development of such initiatives, given that school commitment is greater when initiatives are driven by the public sector.

The School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme (SFVS) implemented by the European Union in 2009/2010 aims to improve the diet of students and to support agricultural markets and environmental sustainability. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of the School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme implementation from 2009 to 2017 in Spain and its autonomous communities. A descriptive, longitudinal, observational, and retrospective study was carried out on the basis of document analysis of SFVS reports. We studied the average budget for Spain and its autonomous communities (AC), the number of students enrolled, the cost of the SFVS by student and by day, the duration of the SFVS, the quantity of fruits and vegetables (FV) per student and day (g), the variety of FV, the recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods, and the educational activities (EA). The results were studied by the AC which are territorial entities of Spain. The budget almost doubled during the study, thanks mainly to EU funds. However, the number of students increased only from 18% in 2009 to 20% in 2016. The quantity of FV increased from 2579 to 4000 tons, and the duration of the SFVS increased from 9.8 to 19.6 days. In the AC, there were variations in EA, in the number of enrolled students (7.4% to 45.6%), in the cost per student (from €2.3 to €28), and in the duration in days (5.6 to 70 days). The recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods was implemented in five of the eight years studied. The development and scope of the SFVS in Spain are still insufficient to generate an equitable healthy dietary pattern in the school population. However, the SFVS has generated an economic market for agricultural production due to the amount of FV distributed in each academic course.

The School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme (SFVS) implemented by the European Union in 2009/2010 aims to improve the diet of students and to support agricultural markets and environmental sustainability. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of the School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme implementation from 2009 to 2017 in Spain and its autonomous communities. A descriptive, longitudinal, observational, and retrospective study was carried out on the basis of document analysis of SFVS reports. We studied the average budget for Spain and its autonomous communities (AC), the number of students enrolled, the cost of the SFVS by student and by day, the duration of the SFVS, the quantity of fruits and vegetables (FV) per student and day (g), the variety of FV, the recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods, and the educational activities (EA). The results were studied by the AC which are territorial entities of Spain. The budget almost doubled during the study, thanks mainly to EU funds. However, the number of students increased only from 18% in 2009 to 20% in 2016. The quantity of FV increased from 2579 to 4000 tons, and the duration of the SFVS increased from 9.8 to 19.6 days. In the AC, there were variations in EA, in the number of enrolled students (7.4% to 45.6%), in the cost per student (from €2.3 to €28), and in the duration in days (5.6 to 70 days). The recommendation to include local, seasonal, and organic foods was implemented in five of the eight years studied. The development and scope of the SFVS in Spain are still insufficient to generate an equitable healthy dietary pattern in the school population. However, the SFVS has generated an economic market for agricultural production due to the amount of FV distributed in each academic course.