Suchergebnisse

Knowledge about human exposure and health effects associated with non-routinely monitored disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water is sparse. ; This project has been funded by Ajuntament de Barcelona (Institut de Cultura, Pla Barcelona Ciencia 2019. #19S01446-006), and partly funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by European Union (ERDF) "A way to make Europe" (PI20/00829). We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023" Program (CEX2018-000806-S and CEX2018-000794-S, for ISGlobal and IDAEA-CSIC, respectively), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. MJF acknowledges her Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RyC-2015-17108), from the AEI-MICIU. We thank Alexandra Paraian, Eva Maria Herrera (IDAEA-CSIC), Natalia Lopo, Lourdes Arjona and Antonia Valentín (ISGlobal) for their technical assistance during the sampling, analytical measurements and data analysis. The HAAs analyses in urine were carried out in the framework of the final master's thesis (Universitat de Barcelona) by Paula Villasante. We also thank Patricia González, Anna Gómez, Sònia Navarro, and Laia Font-Ribera (Public Health Agency of Barcelona) for providing valuable information on Barcelona's drinking water supplies. We finally would like to acknowledge all the volunteers that participated in the project. ; Peer reviewed

Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg-1). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH4]+) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under the ECsafeSEAFOOD project (grant agreement n° 311820). À.T. acknowledges IRTA-URV-Banco Santander for the Ph.D. grant (2016 PMF-PIPF-74). ; Peer reviewed

This study aimed to assess the bioaccessibility of different marine biotoxins in naturally contaminated shellfish and fish gonads using an in vitro digestion methodology. In general, hydrophilic toxins (domoic acid, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins and tetrodotoxins) showed higher bioaccessibility than lipophilic ones (okadaic acid and azaspiracids). The bioaccessibility of toxins from the okadaic acid group ranged from 69% (raw European razor clams) to 74% (raw donax clams). Regarding azaspiracids, 47% of the initial content was bioaccessible in steamed blue mussel. As for hydrophilic toxins, 100% of the initial content was bioaccessible after digestion in raw shellfish and puffer fish gonads. The total tetrodotoxin bioaccessibility in puffer fish gonads decreased significantly after steaming. The profile of tetrodotoxins changed during the digestion process: TTX and 11-norTTX-6S-ol analogues decreased significantly after digestion, but the 5,6,11-trideoxy TTX analogue increased in both raw and steamed puffer fish gonads. These preliminary findings confirm the need to consider bioaccessibility data in future seafood risk assessment, as such information enables a more accurate and realistic estimation of potential seafood hazards, particularly in what concerns lipophilic toxins, therefore, constituting a crucial tool in the refinement of regulatory limits for the presence of biotoxins in seafood. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under the ECsafeSEAFOOD project (grant agreement n° 311820) and through the European Regional Development Fund. IRTA members acknowledge support from CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. L.R. acknowledges a scholarship from the ECsafeSEAFOOD project. Ana C. Braga has a Doctoral Grant (PD/BD/113484/2015) from the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT), whereas Antonio Marques and Pedro R. Costa are supported through the FCT Investigator program (IF). Lagocephalus sceleratus was kindly provided by Andrés Izquierdo-Muñoz from Centro de Investigación Marina de Santa Pola (CIMA) (Spain).

Severe food poisoning events after the consumption of sharks have been reported since the 1940s; however, there has been no clear understanding of their cause. Herein, we report for the first time the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in sharks. The identification by mass spectrometry of CTXs, including two new analogues, in a bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) that was consumed by humans, causing the poisoning and death of 11 people in Madagascar in 2013 is described. Typical neurotoxic ciguatera symptoms were recorded in patients, and toxicological assays on extracts of the shark demonstrated CTX-like activity. These results confirm this episode as a ciguatera poisoning event and expand the range of pelagic fish species that are involved in ciguatera in the Indian Ocean. Additionally, gambieric acid D, a molecule originally described in CTX-producing microalgae, was identified for the first time in fish. This finding can contribute to a better understanding of trophic relations within food webs. The present work confirms that consumption of sharks from the Indian Ocean should be considered a ciguatera risk, and actions should be taken to evaluate its magnitude and risk in order to manage shark fisheries. © 2017 The Author(s). ; We kindly acknowledge Dr. Bernard Reche, the veterinarian in charge of the shark autopsies in La Réunion and who confirmed the viscera sample was stomach, and also Erwan Lagadec (CRVOI) for performing the DNA extraction. We also thank the World Health Organization (WHO) for facilitating the transfer of samples from Madagascar to Reunion Island. The authors acknowledge Dr. Chris Rodgers for his critical review of the manuscript and Dr. Melissa Dunkle for assistance with the English. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under the ECsafeSEAFOOD project (grant agreement no. 311820) and from CERCA/Generalitat de Catalunya program. ; Peer reviewed