Suchergebnisse

The diverse measures in immigration policy adopted in 1994 follow the basic trends of Spanish immigration policy in a European context, and a general tendency to legislative armoni zation. On the other hand, the approval of the Plan to the Social Integration of the Immigrants shows a new approach to migration laws in Spain especially in connection with permanent status and family problems. To facilitate immigrants integration in the society has become a fundamental axis in Spanish immigration policy. ; Las distintas medidas adoptadas en política migratoria durante el año 1994 continúan las líneas básicas de la política española de inmigración, dentro de un marco comunitario y una tenden cia general de armonización de legislaciones. Por otra parte, la aprobación del Plan para la Integra ción Social de los Inmigrantes indica una nueva aprehensión del fenómeno migratorio en nuestro país: se constata su carácter permanente y familiar. Facilitar la integración de los inmigrantes en la sociedad se convierte pues en el eje fundamental de la política española de inmigración.

Conscientes de la importancia de la información científica y técnica en el proceso de desarrollo económico, social y cultural, los países árabes vienen realizando ímprobos esfuerzos para evitar el desfase en materia de información y documentación con respecto a los países occidentales. En este artículo se pone de manifiesto la urgente necesidad de estos países de participar en el intercambio internacional de información, tras el análisis de las causas de este desfase y de los obstáculos existentes. Asimismo, se plantean los requisitos previos para el desarrollo de la información, entre los que se cuentan la formulación de una política nacional de información planificada que utilice los propios recursos de información y el establecimiento de redes nacionales e internacionales para favorecer la transferencia de la misma. Por otra parte, se hace evidente la ausencia de coordinación y normalización, especialmente en lo que respecta a la documentación automatizada, a pesar de los diferentes proyectos de arabización emprendidos por otros tantos organismos que intentan solventar la incompatibilidad del lenguaje en los sistemas informáticos. Se enumeran finalmente las principales fuentes de datos existentes actualmente en el mundo árabe.

Spain has one of the highest rates of immigrant women in the European Union. Among these, the North African groupe is the largest. The object of this research is to give, through statistical data, an approach to the living condition of North African women in our country. ; España registra uno de los porcentajes más altos de inmigración femenina de la Unión Europea, siendo el colectivo femenino magrebí el más numeroso. Este trabajo intenta, a partir de los datos estadísticos, aproximarse a la condición y a la situación de la mujer magrebí en nuestro país.

Some articles of the Mudawwana, The Moroccan family law, were reformed in 1993. This law had remained unchanged since it was passed in 1958. This article tries to deal with the circumstances that surrounded the process towards the reform of the Personal Status Code within a context of political elections and constitutional changes. In this frame of political turmoil, an effective awareness campaing demanding changes in the Mudawwana carried out by a feminist organisation began to have strong effects upon different parts of Moroccan society and forced the Monarchy to take the matter into its own hands. ; La Mudawwana, ley de familia marroquí, que había permanecido inalterable desde su promulgación en 1958, conoció la reforma de algunos de sus artículos en 1993. Este artículo intenta analizar las circunstancias que rodearon el proceso emprendido para revisar el Código de Estatuto Personal en un contexto de elecciones políticas y cambios constitucionales. En este clima de efervescencia política, una organización feminista inició una campaña de sensibilización, reclamando el cambio de la Mudawwana. Las dimensiones de los efectos de esta campaña sobre amplios sectores de la sociedad marroquí obligaron a la Monarquía a intervenir tomando la cuestión entre sus manos.

An approximation to the Spanish council governments information and documentation services on the World Wide Web is offered. The study is based on a representative sample and considers mainly the information offered to visitors and citizens on the town and its council services, the possibility of communication with the administration by e-mail, chats and discussion lists, and the level of development of the so-called virtual administration, that is, the possibility of undertaking administrative acts through the Internet ; Se realiza una aproximación a la prestación de servicios de información y documentación administrativa por los municipios españoles a través de la World Wide Web, Para ello, se analiza la información ofrecida en las páginas web de una muestra representativa de ayuntamientos. En particular se estudió la información sobre el municipio y los diferentes servicios municipales, distinguiendo la dirigida a los visitantes y la orientada específicamente a los ciudadanos; la posibilidad ofrecida al ciudadano de comunicarse con las administraciones municipales a través de los servicios de correo electrónico, listas de discusión o chats; y, por último, el estado de desarrollo de la "administración virtual", esto es, de la posibilidad de realizar trámites administrativos a través de Internet. (a)

La Mudawwana, ley de familia marroquí, que había permanecido inalterable desde su promulgación en 1958, conoció la reforma de algunos de sus artículos en 1993. Este artículo intenta analizar las circunstancias que rodearon el proceso emprendido para revisar el Código de Estatuto Personal en un contexto de elecciones políticas y cambios constitucionales. En este clima de efervescencia política, una organización feminista inició una campaña de sensibilización, reclamando el cambio de la Mudawwana. Las dimensiones de los efectos de esta campaña sobre amplios sectores de la sociedad marroquí obligaron a la Monarquía a intervenir tomando la cuestión entre sus manos. ; Some articles of the Mudawwana, The Moroccan family law, were reformed in 1993. This law had remained unchanged since it was passed in 1958. This article tries to deal with the circumstances that surrounded the process towards the reform of the Personal Status Code within a context of political elections and constitutional changes. In this frame of political turmoil, an effective awareness campaing demanding changes in the Mudawwana carried out by a feminist organisation began to have strong effects upon different parts of Moroccan society and forced the Monarchy to take the matter into its own hands.

España registra uno de los porcentajes más altos de inmigración femenina de la Unión Europea, siendo el colectivo femenino magrebí el más numeroso. Este trabajo intenta, a partir de los datos estadísticos, aproximarse a la condición y a la situación de la mujer magrebí en nuestro país ; Spain has one of the highest rates of immigrant women in the European Union. Among these, the North African groupe is the largest. The object of this research is to give, through statistical data, an approach to the living condition of North African women in our country.

Contiene: sumario y reseñas. ; Las reseñas contienen: "Portraits de femmes. Malamih nisa'iyya: y Femmes partagées: famille-travail/Imra'a muwazza'a: al-usra wa-l-'amal"; Elsässer, Hans-Hermann e Ingelore Mutlak, "Worschatz der Politik: Deutsch-Arabisch, Arabisch-Deutsch"; Míkel de Epalza, Enrique A. Llobregat, Rafael Azuar Ruiz y otros "Baños árabes en el País Valenciano"; Sultan Muhammad Al-Qasimi, "The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf"; Caridad Ruiz de Almodóvar Sel, "Historia del movimiento feminista egipcio"; Rachel Arié, "L'espagne musulmane au temps des Nasrides (1232-1492)"; Nawwal Al-saadawi, "Mujer en punto cero"; Naguib Mahfuz, "Amor bajo la lluvia"; Salah 'Abd al-Sabur, "La gente de mi país"; M. Ángeles Navarro García, "Un calendario anónimo andalusí: Risala fi awqat al-sana"; A. C. López López, "Un tratado agrícola andalusí anónimo"; Chantal de la Véronne, "Oran et Tlemcen dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle"; Varios traductores, "Antología de relatos marroquíes"; Salvador Peña, "Ma'arri según Batalyawsi, crítica y poética en al-Andalus, siglo XI"; Pilar Lirola Delgado, "Aproximación al teatro egipcio moderno"; Latifa al-Zayyat, "La vejez y otros relatos".

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the role of university business incubator managers as drivers of the training and advice given to academic incubatees. Based on the institutional logics approach, the current paper proposes that the dominant logic, academic versus commercial, determines the degree of emphasis on personal assistance, business assistance and networking training.Design/methodology/approachTo test the proposed hypotheses, data were collected from 93 incubation programmes from Spanish and Dutch universities through questionnaires addressed to their respective managers, as well as clients.FindingsThe results indicate that the greater the managers' experience in the business and entrepreneurial world, the greater the fostering of personal and business assistance and networking activities in the incubator. Managers lacking an entrepreneurial profile weaken incubatee access to other business networks and prove less efficient in business training.Originality/valueThis research makes a contribution to the study of university incubatees, showing that managers can be involved in different institutional logics, whether they be academic or commercial, and that the dominant logic determines the activities promoted and, consequently, the success of the incubation process. Business and entrepreneurial experience is key to instilling business logic in incubatees together with the training and assistance they require.

Many museums are committed to market orientation as the underlying philosophy for their strategies. This orientation has to be coordinated with a service orientation focused on quality and custody in order to fulfill the museum's mission. In the current work, the authors analyze the different impact of market orientation and service orientation on organizational and technological innovations implemented by museums. The hypotheses posited are examined for a sample of 491 British, French, Italian, and Spanish museums. Findings suggest that visitor and donor orientation are two key market orientation dimensions for technological and organizational innovation in museums, whereas interfunctional coordination and collaboration with competitors do not act directly, although they do boost the effect of visitor orientation. Further, quality orientation is also central to innovation. The present work thus concludes the existence of two interrelated routes that lead to technological and organizational innovation in museums, a business approach based on market orientation and a cultural approach based on service orientation.

Although customer orientation seems to be an adequate marketing approach to achieve the objectives of for-profit organizations, this approach is not enough for cultural organizations that are also involved in a social mission. The current work is focused on the case of museums and arts organizations and analyzes the implications of three alternative strategic orientations (customer, sales, and custodial orientations) to improve social performance (education and conservation) as well as economic performance (income or number of visitors). The empirical analysis of 182 Spanish museums reveals that social performance is highly related to custodial and customer orientation, whereas economic performance depends mainly on a sales orientation.

Consumers are often faced with asymmetric relationships in which they are at the mercy of the firms. An important stream of research has focused on signaling properties of several marketing variables to reduce consumer selection problems. However, very little is known about consumer reactions to firm signals. Moreover, traditional studies on relationships have adopted either an economic or a social point of view. This article adopts a multidisciplinary approach and proposes a model that shows how consumers react to the quality signals the firm sends to the market. It provides an empirical test of the relation between firm signals and consumer trust: The firm sends signals, consumers develop trust in them, and therefore, reduce their fear of the firm's opportunism. The model is tested for the relationship customers establish with their regular automotive service provider.

ABSTRACTGift giving forms part of a symbolic exchange ritual that is common to all cultures and all periods of history. The goal of the present study is to explore such acts as exchange processes that seek reciprocity aimed at perpetuating relations. From the standpoint of the recipient, we posit the existence of a pattern of behaviour based on the sequence of perceived value–satisfaction–reciprocity. Findings obtained from a sample of 797 individuals indicate that how this sequence works is shaped by the occasion on which the gift is given, whether on commercial occasions—dates marked out by retailers on which everybody gives gifts—or personal occasions—dates marked by private celebrations. If we bear in mind that the ultimate goal of giving gifts is reciprocity or the intention to give in return, choosing an appropriate value may prove to be of particular interest in commercial terms for givers (buyers), recipients (users) and firms (influencers). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.