Suchergebnisse
Filter
15 Ergebnisse
Sortierung:
Imperialism in Disguise
In: The journal of negro education: JNE ;a Howard University quarterly review of issues incident to the education of black people, Band 23, Heft 4, S. 447
ISSN: 2167-6437
Mayan Linguistics: Where Are We Now?
In: Annual review of anthropology, Band 14, Heft 1, S. 187-198
ISSN: 1545-4290
Farm and Factory: The Jesuits and the Development of Agrarian Capitalism in Colonial Quito, 1600-1767. By Nicholas P. Cushner. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982. 231 pp. $42.50 cloth. $13.95 paper
In: A journal of church and state: JCS, Band 26, Heft 3, S. 552-553
ISSN: 2040-4867
Church and State in Colonial Peru: The Bishop of Cuzco and the Tupac Amaru Rebellion of 1780
In: A journal of church and state: JCS, Band 22, Heft 2, S. 251-270
ISSN: 2040-4867
Automated facial recognition and policing: a Bridge too far?
Automated facial recognition (AFR) is perhaps the most controversial policing tool of the twenty-first century. Police forces in England and Wales, and beyond, are using facial recognition in various contexts, from evidence gathering to the identification and monitoring of criminal suspects. Despite uncertainty regarding its accuracy, and widespread concerns about its impact on human rights and broader social consequences, the rise of police facial recognition continues unabated by law. Both the Government and the domestic courts were satisfied that police use of this technology is regulated adequately by existing statutory provisions regulating the processing of data and police surveillance generally. That is, until the recent judgment of the Court of Appeal in R (Bridges) v Chief Constable of South Wales Police and Others [2020] EWCA Civ 1058, where it was held that the respondent's use of AFR was unlawful. This paper provides an analysis of AFR, reflecting on the outcome of that case and evaluates its nuanced findings. We suggest that the judgment leaves considerable room for police AFR to continue with only minor, piecemeal amendment to the legal framework. Drawing on comparative experience and relevant socio-legal scholarship, we argue that the relatively unfettered rise of police facial recognition in England and Wales illuminates deeper flaws in the domestic framework for fundamental human rights protection and adjudication, which create the conditions for authoritarian policing and surveillance to expand.
BASE
Examining the sustainability issues in UKOER projects: Developing a sustainable OER ecosystem in HE
The development of open educational resources (OERs) is becoming a strategic priority for governments and education institutions around the world, in response to funding cuts and rising costs in educational provision. In the United Kingdom, a government-sponsored Pilot Programme on Open Educational Recourses (JISC/HEA, 2009) was launched in 2009 with an initial budget of £5.7m. This paper reviews the key sustainability issues identified by the projects including the different approaches and models that have been adopted in order to sustain the continuing development and release of OER once funding has ended. The analysis also considers the challenges relating to the development and implementation of policies and processes for sustainable OER practice within institutions and among academics. The paper concludes by drawing on the experiences from the wider United Kingdom and international OER communities to develop a sustainable OER ecosystem model that can facilitate discussions on future development of OER initiatives.
BASE
Identification of Blind and Visually Impaired Persons in Sri Lanka
In: Journal of visual impairment & blindness: JVIB, Band 82, Heft 9, S. 370-372
ISSN: 1559-1476
A study using three techniques to identify blind and visually impaired people was conducted by Helen Keller International in Sri Lanka during February and March of 1987. These techniques are compared to the validating supervisor identification of people who are blind or have low vision. The alternative identification methods evaluated were: 1) utilizing key informants from the surveyed communities; 2) utilizing students from local schools; and 3) conducting a house-to-house survey in study villages. The ability to correctly determine those truly blind or with low vision and the comparative cost of each method were also evaluated.
Recovery of eGFR in patients who develop renal complications on tenofovir
In: Journal of the International AIDS Society, Band 15, Heft S4, S. 1-1
ISSN: 1758-2652
PurposeTenofovir (TDF) use has been linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and rapid decline in kidney function; the potential reversibility of these complications remains poorly studied. We compared changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before, during and after TDF use.MethodsPatients in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) Study who discontinued a TDF‐containing regimen after>3 months were included. Incident CKD on TDF was defined as an eGFR<60 for>3 months (eGFR units=ml/min/1.73 m2) and rapid eGFR decline as a negative eGFR slope>3 on TDF (eGFR slopes measured in ml/min/1.73 m2/year). Linear piecewise regression was used to estimate each person's eGFR slope before, during and after TDF, excluding the initial 4 weeks on TDF and the first 3 months post‐entry and post‐discontinuation. These slopes were compared in those with/without CKD or rapid eGFR decline using t‐tests. A piecewise linear random effects model compared the average slopes before and during TDF, and during and post TDF. Maximum eGFR after discontinuation was compared with eGFR at TDF start to determine the extent of recovery.Results935 subjects were included, of whom 80% were male, 70.5% of white ethnicity, 66.2% MSM. Median age at TDF start was 41. Patients with incident CKD tended to have lower eGFR at TDF start than those without (median 75 and 93 respectively), while baseline eGFR in those with/without rapid eGFR decline were similar (median 90 and 91 respectively). Small eGFR declines pre‐TDF were observed in all patients, with significantly more rapid eGFR decline observed during TDF exposure in those with renal complications (Table).
Table. eGFR slopes before, during and after TDF exposure in those with and without renal complications
eGFR slope
Pre‐TDF
On‐TDF
Post‐TDF
Pre‐TDF vs. on‐TDF
On‐TDF vs. post‐TDF
CKD
−2.7
−7.3
+5.2
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
No CKD
−1.1
−4.4
+2.6
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
p=0.10
p=0.003
0.001
Rapid eGFR decline
−0.5
−10.1
+5.1
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
No rapid eGFR decline
−1.8
+0.2
+1.1
p=0.28
p<0.0001
p=0.07
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
Although eGFR recovery was observed in the majority of patients without renal complications following TDF discontinuation (70.5% of those without CKD, 76.3% of those without rapid eGFR decline), only 43.7% of patients with CKD and 56.4% of those with rapid eGFR decline reached a maximum eGFR that was at least as high as their eGFR at TDF start.ConclusionsImprovements in eGFR were observed in patients who discontinued TDF. However, incomplete eGFR recovery was frequent in those with renal complications.
Prevalence and factors associated with severe vitamin D deficiency in HIV/hepatitis C co‐infected patients
In: Journal of the International AIDS Society, Band 13, Heft S4
ISSN: 1758-2652
7‐11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK
Demographic characteristics of general practitioners attending educational meetings
There are many factors which influence general practitioners' behaviour with regard to attendance at education meetings. The demographic characteristics of general practitioners in the west of Scotland attending educational meetings were studied over a two year period. A total of 1672 doctors had attended sufficient sessions to claim their postgraduate education allowance and of these 1551 (93%) responded to the questionnaire. Overall attendance at meetings did not vary between age groups, but older doctors (those born before 1935) attended the highest mean number of education sessions on disease management and the lowest mean number on service management and health promotion. Doctors in rural areas attended fewer meetings than those in urban areas with the largest difference in the disease management category. Doctors from smaller practices attended significantly fewer sessions on service management than those from larger practices. There was no difference between sexes regarding the mean total number of education sessions attended but men attended significantly more sessions on service management and women attended more on health promotion. Full-time doctors attended more service management sessions than part-time doctors. Those who were widowed or divorced attended fewer sessions in total, the differences being greatest in service management and health promotion. Multiple regression analysis showed that location of practice, whether working full time or part time and marital status had a small but statistically significant bearing on overall attendance at meetings. Although the differences are small, these factors should be noted by education providers, negotiators and government.
BASE
Recommended Cross Sections for Electron-Indium Scattering
20 pags., 7 figs., 6 tabs. ; We report, over an extended energy range, recommended angle-integrated cross sections for elastic scattering, discrete inelastic scattering processes, and the total ionization cross section for electron scattering from atomic indium. In addition, from those angle-integrated cross sections, a grand total cross section is subsequently derived. To construct those recommended cross-section databases, results from original B-spline R-matrix, relativistic convergent close-coupling, and relativistic optical-potential computations are also presented here. Electron transport coefficients are subsequently calculated, using our recommended database, for reduced electric fields ranging from 0.01 Td to 10 000 Td using a multiterm solution of Boltzmann's equation. To facilitate those simulations, a recommended elastic momentum transfer cross-section set is also constructed and presented here. ; The work of K.R.H., O.Z., and K.B. was supported by the United States National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. OAC-1834740 and PHY-1803844 and by the XSEDE supercomputer Allocation No. PHY-090031. The (D)BSR calculations were carried out on Stampede2 at the Texas Advanced Computing Center. The work of D.V.F. and I.B. was supported by the Australian Research Council and resources provided by the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre with funding from the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia. F.B. and G.G. acknowledge partial financial support from the Spanish Ministry MICIU (Project Nos. FIS2016- 80440 and PID2019-104727-RB-C21) and CSIC (Project No. LINKA20085). This work was also financially supported, in part, by the Australian Research Council (Project No. DP180101655), the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, and the Institute of Physics (Belgrade). ; Peer reviewed
BASE
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on planned cancer surgery for 15 tumour types in 61 countries: an international, prospective, cohort study
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11 827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long-term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
BASE
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on planned cancer surgery for 15 tumour types in 61 countries: an international, prospective, cohort study
Background Surgery is the main modality of cure for solid cancers and was prioritised to continue during COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to identify immediate areas for system strengthening by comparing the delivery of elective cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in periods of lockdown versus light restriction. Methods This international, prospective, cohort study enrolled 20 006 adult (≥18 years) patients from 466 hospitals in 61 countries with 15 cancer types, who had a decision for curative surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic and were followed up until the point of surgery or cessation of follow-up (Aug 31, 2020). Average national Oxford COVID-19 Stringency Index scores were calculated to define the government response to COVID-19 for each patient for the period they awaited surgery, and classified into light restrictions (index 60). The primary outcome was the non-operation rate (defined as the proportion of patients who did not undergo planned surgery). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to explore the associations between lockdowns and non-operation. Intervals from diagnosis to surgery were compared across COVID-19 government response index groups. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04384926. Findings Of eligible patients awaiting surgery, 2003 (10·0%) of 20 006 did not receive surgery after a median follow-up of 23 weeks (IQR 16–30), all of whom had a COVID-19-related reason given for non-operation. Light restrictions were associated with a 0·6% non-operation rate (26 of 4521), moderate lockdowns with a 5·5% rate (201 of 3646; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·77–0·84; p<0·0001), and full lockdowns with a 15·0% rate (1775 of 11 827; HR 0·51, 0·50–0·53; p<0·0001). In sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for SARS-CoV-2 case notification rates, moderate lockdowns (HR 0·84, 95% CI 0·80–0·88; p<0·001), and full lockdowns (0·57, 0·54–0·60; p<0·001), remained independently associated with non-operation. Surgery beyond 12 weeks from diagnosis in patients without neoadjuvant therapy increased during lockdowns (374 [9·1%] of 4521 in light restrictions, 317 [10·4%] of 3646 in moderate lockdowns, 2001 [23·8%] of 11827 in full lockdowns), although there were no differences in resectability rates observed with longer delays. Interpretation Cancer surgery systems worldwide were fragile to lockdowns, with one in seven patients who were in regions with full lockdowns not undergoing planned surgery and experiencing longer preoperative delays. Although short-term oncological outcomes were not compromised in those selected for surgery, delays and non-operations might lead to long-term reductions in survival. During current and future periods of societal restriction, the resilience of elective surgery systems requires strengthening, which might include protected elective surgical pathways and long- term investment in surge capacity for acute care during public health emergencies to protect elective staff and services. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, Medtronic, Sarcoma UK, The Urology Foundation, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research.
BASE