Suchergebnisse

Philosophical prelude: playfulness, love, and personal growth -- An inclination to listen -- Southern saunters -- Road trips: the Mason-Dixon line and beyond -- Americans on the road: Kerouac, Anderson, and Guevara -- Down on the bayou -- Taking the road less traveled by -- Tico and Okie migrants in American literature -- Sacramental awakenings in the south -- Philosophies of the heart in American literature -- Playing fútbol in La Yunai -- Churchgoing -- Finding a loving home among friends -- Dancing out of the labyrinth: from solitude to communion -- Philosophical postlude: resilient loving

AbstractBetween the 1940s and 1970s, Spain used a variety of economic policies that hindered international trade. Because the mix of tariffs, quotas, administrative barriers, and exchange rate regimes varied greatly over time, the quantification of the effect of the various trade policies on international trade in this period is particularly elusive. In this paper, we use historical bilateral trade flows and a structural gravity model to quantify the evolution of Spain's border thickness, a summary measure of its barriers to international trade. We find that Spain's borders in the period 1948–75 were thicker than those of any other country in Western Europe, even after the liberalization of trade that started in 1959. These comparatively higher impediments to international trade implied substantial negative effects on consumer welfare. We estimate that accumulated welfare costs over the period 1948–75 exceed 20 per cent of a year's total consumption.

Organizações e sustentabilidade: para além da mitigação das mudanças climáticas – momento de pensarmos em adaptação