Suchergebnisse

This study analyzes how São Paulo state government promoted public assistantships policies during the First Republic. During this time, the government aimed at controlling epidemies and endemics, leaving individual care to private institution. Through budget plans, reports from the Secretary of Interior, speeches at the Chamber of Deputies, and newspaper articles, we observed that there was a budget policy which allowed the government to spend money on institutions that assisted immigrants and poor people. Besides an annual expenditure, the government could also send extra budget during epidemics, and also developed periodic inspections to evaluate the sanitary conditions of the subsidized institutions. The document's analysis showed that the resources spent were high in value, almost as much as the one available for Sanitary Service, a public organization created in order to fight infectious diseases. The state also used the same system to install its own structures used to fight diseases like trachoma and hookworm in 1906. However, in a time when the main discourses asked for public dispending reduction, the high costs to upkeep these institutions made them to be shut down. The government, thought, kept the old system, sending resources to philanthropic and private hospitals. ; Este artigo analisa como o governo do estado de São Paulo promoveu políticas de assistência pública no início da Primeira República. Neste período, o governo dirigia seus esforços para o controle de epidemias, deixando para as instituições privadas a assistência individual. Por meio dos planos orçamentários, dos relatórios da Secretaria do Interior e dos discursos da Câmara dos Deputados, observamos que existia uma política orçamentária que designava uma parcela das verbas governamentais para as instituições que se propusessem a assistir pobres e imigrantes. Além do repasse anual, o governo promovia aportes financeiros em períodos epidêmicos e desenvolvia vistorias periódicas para averiguar as condições sanitárias das instituições. A partir da análise dos documentos, verificamos que os recursos pecuniários repassados eram elevados e se aproximavam muito aos gastos com o Serviço Sanitário, órgão público criado para combater as doenças infectocontagiosas. Buscando entender a política de subvenções, observamos que o estado tentou implantar uma estrutura própria de atendimentos para combater o tracoma e a ancilostomose, mas que os altos encargos para manter a estrutura e os discursos do período, que apregoavam a redução dos gastos públicos, fizeram com que essa estrutura fosse dissolvida, mantendo-se a política anteriormente adotada de apoiar o arranjo assistencial pré-existente.

"Ao leitor e, ainda mais, ao pesquisador que se dedica à história da cidade a da arquitetura, especial interesse naturalmente deve despertar o estado da arte da mesma e sua evolução no tempo. Nesse sentido, se por um lado é facilmente perceptível, já há muito, a consolidação de um movimento em direção à superação de uma história dos grandes personagens e eventos e do 'ídolo político' por uma abordagem globalizante e crítica, por outro lado pode ser menos cristalina a visão do horizonte complexo a que nos leva a multiplicidade de objetos, fontes, perspectivas, luzes, lentes que desvelam surpresas numa história em permanente construção. Nesse ambiente, em que o rigor na construção de instrumentais metodológicos e o apuro na consulta às fontes documentais -- e os diferentes capítulos a provam -- exigem cada vez mais dos pesquisadores, o momento do diálogo revela se essencial pelo seu caráter criativo, seminal. Fruto de um desses momentos de diálogo altamente qualificado, este livro sintetiza trajetórias de pesquisa marcadas pela reflexão sobre os desafios impostos à historiografia do espaço brasileiro, na atualidade. A eles, oferece respostas significativas cuja leitura certamente enriquecerá o debate ora vigente neste campo de conhecimento"--André Augusto de Almeida Alves, p. [2]-[3] of cover

The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus approach should be promoted as a tool for sustainable management of resources through the interconnection of these three fundamental pillars. Particularly, food security must ensure healthy and balanced diets for everyone, but selecting individual indicators to assess all slants covered by this element is not an easy task. Hence, the objective of this paper is two-fold, to review nutrient profiling (NP) models that allow to categorize foods and evaluate diets based on their nutritional quality, and to choose the most appropriate model to be used within a WEF nexus index. To address this issue, a total of 159 documents were assessed, appraising the geographic distribution, and time evolution of the publications, as well as the characteristics and potential applications of the NP systems. The review concludes that the NRF9.3. model is the most liable option to be used in a WEF nexus index, presenting the best characteristics by means of the definition of scores and thresholds, and the use of an 'across-the-board' criteria and a reference quantity of 100 kcal, alongside offering higher ability to assess diets and foods than the other competitive model (HEI) through the evaluation of nutrients to encourage instead of foods. A secondary outcome of the review is the identification of the NP models as a useful tool to enable institutions with information to establish policies in the field of public health and facilitating the decision-making process according to the current healthy claims. ; The authors are grateful for the funding of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the KAIROS-BIOCIR project (PID2019- 104925RB) (AEO/FEDER, UE) and of the Interreg Atlantic Area through the NEPTUNUS project (EAPA_576/2018). Daniel Hoehn thanks the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for their financial support via the research fellowship BES-2017-080296. Jorge Cristóbal acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the "Beatriz Galindo" grant BEAGAL18/00035.

The generation of food loss and waste (FLW) is a global problem for worldwide politics. About one-third of the food produced ends up in the rubbish before it is consumed. For this reason, it is essential to design and implement new strategies along the food supply chain (FSC) with the aim of reducing this FLW at each stage. However, not only mass quantification should be considered, but also economic and nutritional performance. The novelty of this study is the definition of a methodology based on the "distance to target" approach by means of multi-objective optimization to evaluate the economic and nutritional cost produced by this FLW. This methodology was applied to the Spanish food basket in 2015. The results revealed that 80% of the total FLW generated in economic and nutritional terms is concentrated in the agricultural production (53.3%) and consumption (26.3%) stages. In the first stages of the FSC, fruits (Dn eq.= 0.7), cereals (Dn eq.= 0.61), and vegetables (Dn eq.= 0.57) were the furthest from the distance target due to the great amount of FLW generated. Moreover, according to the normalized weighted distances obtained from the minimization of economic and nutritional cost, pulses (Dn eq. = 0.05–0.03) and eggs (Dn eq. = 0.02) were the more efficient food categories. The methodology described in this study proposes a single index to quantify the economic and nutritional cost of different food categories to facilitate the decision-making process. This index makes possible the definition of reduction strategies focused on specific food categories and depending on the FSC stage.