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This is a work concerned with the increasing processes of social exclusion in cities nowadays. In approaching this phenomenon, the research highlights how people interact with their institutional environments. This is also, perhaps centrally, an investigation into the possibility to engage an individual perspective to understand the transformation in urban experience, which is orienting society to new uses and forms of exclusion. Following the perspective deployed by the so-called "sociology of individuals" in French sociology or "reengagement of agency" in the Anglo-Saxon world; I claim that individuals as well as collectives are gaining increasing power to question and re-organize institutions. This re-organization, in the case of socio-urban institutions, is no guarantee for major levels in integration, cohesion, and equality. Unfortunately, social institutions are becoming hard in its exclusionary capabilities under people intervention during the last four decades. I believe that urban sociology is a field of struggle between different perspectives competing to "make sense" of social phenomena in cities. The orientation supported in this research is just one on many and it follows the roots of people and their life experiences within cities and how they influence the processes that shape the city. The last formulation is possibly not the clearest, because as we all know, references to "inhabitants" are presented in every variant of urban sociology. Nevertheless, there are not many variants focusing on peoples' capability to influence institutional environments and by this way affecting the urban condition in which they find themselves. The particular institution selected for this study is the "School". This thesis is organized around two parts: part one includes the conceptual framework, methodological approach, and historical contextualization; part two describes three case studies produced to analyse the forms of and the relations between individuals and school institution. Part one starts from a premise: within the context of declining welfare State in the case of industrialized countries, an important part of urban studies focuses on economic and spatial restructuration. Confronted with the same situation, a part of social sciences shifts to the individuals' agency and social uncertainty. This research is embedded in the last theoretical description presented above, thus, because it tries to observe urban processes from the perspective of the individual and outside of developed economies. In this sense, Latin America represents a fundamental reference because urban conditions are historically marked by weak institutional arrangements to integrating people and large levels of marginality and exclusion among population. In this scenario individuals' practices around inclusion-exclusion have an essential meaning in everyday life. Part two offers three study cases in which the relation between individuals and school institutions has been analyzed for the Metropolitan area of Santiago de Chile (MAS). Using different methodological resources an exhaustive account on three levels is presented: i) geo-referencing State intervention in public policies connected with neighborhood and schools to understand the form and extent of socio-urban exclusion in MAS, ii) narrative biographies applied to parents with children attending primary school, in order to reconstruct the familiar process of school selection and describing its impacts on the stabilization of school as an exclusionary device, and iii) autoethnography to describe in detail the temporal dimension involved in stabilizing actions which reinforces social mechanisms of urban integration-exclusion during the last three decades in Chile. A key argument advanced by this research proposes that: the way in which the idea of integration is enacted by people in their biographical careers imprints changes on the institutional orientation and by this way, contributes to the reorganization urban life. The high level of social exclusion in Santiago de Chile is not accountable without considering transformation in all socio-urban institutions, especially the school. No family considers social integration with people from a low social, economical or cultural background as relevant orientation for school selection. This particularity of the Chilean social reality is not derivable from any big capitalistic or modernization processes impacting our cities. Within the light of the thesis findings, I conclude that socio-urban institutions logics must be reassessment under the influences of people actions and representations. I also propose a consideration to major complementarities between urban studies and urban-institutions analysis. The school institutions is not just a sectorial field reserved to the researcher in education, on the contrary, it represent a key entrance to address people's experience in their institutional urban environments. The re-emergence of social and urban movements in 2010, under the "Arab Spring" or the "Chilean Student Movements", is not only a demonstration in the public space as result of major global trends. These situations are in essence, for this research, individuals gathering together and calling for recognition and autonomy inside institutional environment that tends to reject them. Similar situation was the focus of the Latin American urban sociology research, within the focus on grassroots and urban social movements at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s. In both cases, socio-urban institutions, unaware of recognition requirements claimed by inhabitants, are not beyond individual or collective reach. My main concern is to show that socio-urban institutions are constantly re-shaped as a result of individual action, what makes the difference, is the spirit that we all, socially, imprint on the logics of our socio-urban institutions, moving them to inclusion or exclusion.

This is a work concerned with the increasing processes of social exclusion in cities nowadays. In approaching this phenomenon, the research highlights how people interact with their institutional environments. This is also, perhaps centrally, an investigation into the possibility to engage an individual perspective to understand the transformation in urban experience, which is orienting society to new uses and forms of exclusion. Following the perspective deployed by the so-called "sociology of individuals" in French sociology or "reengagement of agency" in the Anglo-Saxon world; I claim that individuals as well as collectives are gaining increasing power to question and re-organize institutions. This re-organization, in the case of socio-urban institutions, is no guarantee for major levels in integration, cohesion, and equality. Unfortunately, social institutions are becoming hard in its exclusionary capabilities under people intervention during the last four decades. I believe that urban sociology is a field of struggle between different perspectives competing to "make sense" of social phenomena in cities. The orientation supported in this research is just one on many and it follows the roots of people and their life experiences within cities and how they influence the processes that shape the city. The last formulation is possibly not the clearest, because as we all know, references to "inhabitants" are presented in every variant of urban sociology. Nevertheless, there are not many variants focusing on peoples' capability to influence institutional environments and by this way affecting the urban condition in which they find themselves. The particular institution selected for this study is the "School". This thesis is organized around two parts: part one includes the conceptual framework, methodological approach, and historical contextualization; part two describes three case studies produced to analyse the forms of and the relations between individuals and school institution. Part one starts from a premise: within the context of declining welfare State in the case of industrialized countries, an important part of urban studies focuses on economic and spatial restructuration. Confronted with the same situation, a part of social sciences shifts to the individuals' agency and social uncertainty. This research is embedded in the last theoretical description presented above, thus, because it tries to observe urban processes from the perspective of the individual and outside of developed economies. In this sense, Latin America represents a fundamental reference because urban conditions are historically marked by weak institutional arrangements to integrating people and large levels of marginality and exclusion among population. In this scenario individuals' practices around inclusion-exclusion have an essential meaning in everyday life. Part two offers three study cases in which the relation between individuals and school institutions has been analyzed for the Metropolitan area of Santiago de Chile (MAS). Using different methodological resources an exhaustive account on three levels is presented: i) geo-referencing State intervention in public policies connected with neighborhood and schools to understand the form and extent of socio-urban exclusion in MAS, ii) narrative biographies applied to parents with children attending primary school, in order to reconstruct the familiar process of school selection and describing its impacts on the stabilization of school as an exclusionary device, and iii) autoethnography to describe in detail the temporal dimension involved in stabilizing actions which reinforces social mechanisms of urban integration-exclusion during the last three decades in Chile. A key argument advanced by this research proposes that: the way in which the idea of integration is enacted by people in their biographical careers imprints changes on the institutional orientation and by this way, contributes to the reorganization urban life. The high level of social exclusion in Santiago de Chile is not accountable without considering transformation in all socio-urban institutions, especially the school. No family considers social integration with people from a low social, economical or cultural background as relevant orientation for school selection. This particularity of the Chilean social reality is not derivable from any big capitalistic or modernization processes impacting our cities. Within the light of the thesis findings, I conclude that socio-urban institutions logics must be reassessment under the influences of people actions and representations. I also propose a consideration to major complementarities between urban studies and urban-institutions analysis. The school institutions is not just a sectorial field reserved to the researcher in education, on the contrary, it represent a key entrance to address people's experience in their institutional urban environments. The re-emergence of social and urban movements in 2010, under the "Arab Spring" or the "Chilean Student Movements", is not only a demonstration in the public space as result of major global trends. These situations are in essence, for this research, individuals gathering together and calling for recognition and autonomy inside institutional environment that tends to reject them. Similar situation was the focus of the Latin American urban sociology research, within the focus on grassroots and urban social movements at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s. In both cases, socio-urban institutions, unaware of recognition requirements claimed by inhabitants, are not beyond individual or collective reach. My main concern is to show that socio-urban institutions are constantly re-shaped as a result of individual action, what makes the difference, is the spirit that we all, socially, imprint on the logics of our socio-urban institutions, moving them to inclusion or exclusion.

In this text it is postulated that the social outbreak or popular revolt, added to the COVID-19 glimpse a series of problematic elements for Chile. One of them is: the institutional and public policy crisis regarding the capacity to institutionalize phenomena of socio-political conflict and control of the pandemic. Henceforth, it is held that institutionality and public policy are the mainstays for overcoming the social and health crisis. However, if we continue with their rigid character and lack of porosity towards the citizens themselves, it is difficult for them to live up to this. As a result, the need to implement profound transformations is proposed, increasing the capacity of the State and reclaiming the notion of institutional development. This requires an increase in political capacity through the insertion of binding citizen participation mechanisms that are sustained over time and provide a normative sense to the measures developed. At the same time, the state's administrative capacity must also be increased, based on having personnel trained in the construction and management of technological mechanisms capable of keeping records of large volumes of data. ; En este texto se postula que el estallido social o revuelta popular, sumado al COVID-19 vislumbran una serie de elementos problemáticos para Chile. Uno de ellos es: la crisis institucional y de políticas públicas en lo que respecta a la capacidad de institucionalizar fenómenos de conflicto sociopolítico y control de la pandemia. En adelante, se sostiene que la institucionalidad y la política pública son troncales para la superación de la crisis social y sanitaria. No obstante, si se continúa con su carácter rígido y con ausencia de porosidad respecto a los propios ciudadanos es difícil que puedan estar a la altura. A raíz de esto se propone la necesidad de implementar transformaciones profundas, aumentando la capacidad estatal y reivindicando la noción de desarrollo institucional. Aquello obliga a aumentar la capacidad política mediante la inserción de mecanismos de participación ciudadana vinculante que se sostengan en el tiempo y doten de sentido normativo a las medidas desarrolladas. Mientras que también se debe aumentar la capacidad administrativa del estado, en función de poseer personal capacitado en la construcción y gestión de mecanismos tecnológicos capaces de llevar registro de grandes volúmenes de datos.

In the present scenario of increasing sustainable global governance for ecological issues, the approval of Law 19.300 "Environmental Bases" 1994 in Chile is presented generally as the beginning of a modernization process of environmental institution, which culminates with the creation of the Environmental Ministry 2010 through Law 20.417. The paper will challenge the common understanding of this modernization process simply as institutional improvement and will raise the alternative thesis of a co-production in the representation of the ecological crisis and its solution between the politics and scientific systems. With the historical emergence of the National Environmental Commission (1994) the research shows the emergence of a particular form of relation society-nature in Chile based on: i) the previous environmental institution existing in the country oriented to tackle pollution conflicts ii) the international influences by the official reports of United Nations Environmental Program and the Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development with a center in the institutionalization of the environmental impact assessment and market instrument to regulate environmental problems and, iii) the global market integration of Chile as a supplier of raw material with a high pressure over land, water and energy in territories inhabited by indigenous population. Together, these three influences are at the bottom of a representation of the ecological crisis only in terms of pollution management and rational use of natural resources which exclude the possibility to understand the human and social consequences provoked. In this scenario, the emergence of social movements against mega extractive and energetic projects show the need to review the manner in which the political system renders the environmental crisis. The notion of socio- ecological conflict is presented to understand how the search for sustainability could reinforce environmental problems especially for the mining activity, forestry industry and ...

En estas notas se recupera la idea de reflexibilidad profesional y desde allí, se proponen consideraciones socioculturales para la política pública en la Región de Aysén, las que pretenden contribuir a otros ejecutores y planificadores, como también a un contexto más amplio de profesionales. Desde una perspectiva de política pública situada, se proponen cuatro claves como elementos significativos par a la región: i) la construcción social del tiempo: vivir a otro rimo; ii) la importancia del cara a cara y de la primera impresión; iii) la validación personal/profesional; y iv) significaciones, ritos y confianzas. Al mismo tiempo, a partir de estas reflexiones, se plantea la necesidad de que los profesionales del Estado desarrollen habilidades de lectura contextual que les permitan captar e identificar los distintos elementos de identidad regional, de manera, que sea posible implementar de mejor manera el proceso de descentralización. Estructuralmente, el texto introduce al tema y trasparenta el contexto que dio paso a estas reflexiones, conecta con la discusión de descentralización e identidades regionales, aclara ciertas posiciones teórico-metodológicas respecto a la política pública y al territorio, presenta las claves o consideraciones socioculturales y finalmente, cierra con una reflexión sobre la importancia de implementar canales eficientes de comunicación y flujo de información.

Nowadays, cities show evidences of degenerative processes and inequalities as a result of the political and economic adjustment to globalisation. The neighbourhood level evidences in the territory the social and physical consequences of this phenomenon. This fact is not only the result of the abandonment of certain areas of the city but, in many cases, as a consequence or as a side effect of a deliberated action. Different levels of government with responsibilities in the city are currently developing public policies and actions to regenerate these areas. Objectives are multiple, among them, the achievement of social cohesion is a priority. This paper aims to analyse and compare the intervention strategies in Catalonia (Llei de Barris) and Chile (programa Quiero mi Barrio). Both policies are based on the idea of integral approach, nevertheless it is important to analyse the existence of mechanisms, in each context, to coordinate and implement social, physical and economic actions (transversal actions), shaping "partnership" and guarantee the inclusion of the main affected actors. We focuse on understand how to translate the design phase of these policies in a real implementation process. ; Las ciudades evidencian procesos degenerativos y de desigualdad como resultado del ajuste político-económico a la globalización. Consecuencias de este fenómeno se observan a nivel barrial, lo que no es sólo el resultado del abandono de ciertas áreas sino, frecuentemente, es consecuencia directa o indirecta de acciones públicas. Los gobiernos están desarrollando políticas públicas y acciones para la regeneración de áreas deterioradas, con objetivos diversos, destacando la cohesión social como una prioridad. Este artículo se propone comparar y analizar las intervenciones desplegadas en Cataluña (Llei de Barris) y Chile (programa Quiero mi Barrio). Ambas iniciativas declaran basarse en enfoques integrales, por lo que resulta importante analizar la existencia de mecanismos para la coordinación e implementación de acciones transversales -sociales, físicas y/o económicas- que requieren acciones consorciadas y la inclusión de los principales actores concernidos. Una preocupación del equipo investigador es indagar en la relación entre el diseño de esas políticas y su traducción en prácticas efectivas. ; As cidades evidenciam processos degenerativos e de desigualdade como resultado do ajuste po­lítico-econômico à globalização. Conseqüências deste fenômeno se observam a nível lamaçal o que não é só resultado do abandono de certas áreas senão, freqüentemente, é conseqüência direta ou indireta de ações públicas. Os governos estão desenvolvendo políticas públicas e ações para a regeneração de áreas deterioradas, com objetivos diversos, destacando a coesão social como uma prioridade. Este artigo se propõe comparar e analisar as intervenções realizadas na Catalunha (Llei de Barris) e no Chile (programa Quiero mi barrio). Ambas as iniciativas declaram se basear em enfoques integrais, pelo que resulta importante analisar a existência de mecanismos para a coordenação e implementação de ações transversais –sociais, físicas e/ou econômicas– que re­querem ações consorciadas e a inclusão dos principais atores concernidos. Uma preocupação da equipe investigadora é indagar na relação entre o desenho das políticas e sua tradução em práticas efetivas.

Nowadays, cities show evidences of degenerative processes and inequalities as a result of the political and economic adjustment to globalisation. The neighbourhood level evidences in the territory the social and physical consequences of this phenomenon. This fact is not only the result of the abandonment of certain areas of the city but, in many cases, as a consequence or as a side effect of a deliberated action. Different levels of government with responsibilities in the city are currently developing public policies and actions to regenerate these areas. Objectives are multiple, among them, the achievement of social cohesion is a priority. This paper aims to analyse and compare the intervention strategies in Catalonia (Llei de Barris) and Chile (programa Quiero mi Barrio). Both policies are based on the idea of integral approach, nevertheless it is important to analyse the existence of mechanisms, in each context, to coordinate and implement social, physical and economic actions (transversal actions), shaping "partnership" and guarantee the inclusion of the main affected actors. We focuse on understand how to translate the design phase of these policies in a real implementation process. ; Las ciudades evidencian procesos degenerativos y de desigualdad como resultado del ajuste político-económico a la globalización. Consecuencias de este fenómeno se observan a nivel barrial, lo que no es sólo el resultado del abandono de ciertas áreas sino, frecuentemente, es consecuencia directa o indirecta de acciones públicas. Los gobiernos están desarrollando políticas públicas y acciones para la regeneración de áreas deterioradas, con objetivos diversos, destacando la cohesión social como una prioridad. Este artículo se propone comparar y analizar las intervenciones desplegadas en Cataluña (Llei de Barris) y Chile (programa Quiero mi Barrio). Ambas iniciativas declaran basarse en enfoques integrales, por lo que resulta importante analizar la existencia de mecanismos para la coordinación e implementación de acciones transversales -sociales, físicas y/o económicas- que requieren acciones consorciadas y la inclusión de los principales actores concernidos. Una preocupación del equipo investigador es indagar en la relación entre el diseño de esas políticas y su traducción en prácticas efectivas. ; As cidades evidenciam processos degenerativos e de desigualdade como resultado do ajuste po­lítico-econômico à globalização. Conseqüências deste fenômeno se observam a nível lamaçal o que não é só resultado do abandono de certas áreas senão, freqüentemente, é conseqüência direta ou indireta de ações públicas. Os governos estão desenvolvendo políticas públicas e ações para a regeneração de áreas deterioradas, com objetivos diversos, destacando a coesão social como uma prioridade. Este artigo se propõe comparar e analisar as intervenções realizadas na Catalunha (Llei de Barris) e no Chile (programa Quiero mi barrio). Ambas as iniciativas declaram se basear em enfoques integrais, pelo que resulta importante analisar a existência de mecanismos para a coordenação e implementação de ações transversais –sociais, físicas e/ou econômicas– que re­querem ações consorciadas e a inclusão dos principais atores concernidos. Uma preocupação da equipe investigadora é indagar na relação entre o desenho das políticas e sua tradução em práticas efetivas.