West African Shea/Karité Butter: Co-Dependency Between Village Tradition and the Export Market
In: The Maghreb Review, Band 34, Heft 2-3, S. 195-206
ISSN: 2754-6772
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In: The Maghreb Review, Band 34, Heft 2-3, S. 195-206
ISSN: 2754-6772
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 503, Heft 1, S. 150-151
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 502, Heft 1, S. 167-168
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: International journal of Middle East studies: IJMES, Band 21, Heft 1, S. 146-148
ISSN: 1471-6380
In: International journal of Middle East studies: IJMES, Band 20, Heft 2, S. 252-255
ISSN: 1471-6380
In: Middle East Studies Association bulletin, Band 20, Heft 1, S. 67-69
In: Middle East Studies Association bulletin, Band 20, Heft 1, S. 71-73
In: International journal of Middle East studies: IJMES, Band 17, Heft 4, S. 463-484
ISSN: 1471-6380
This article, which draws largely from Arabica press sources from 1885 to 1900, seeks to sharpen our view of social attitudes reflected in the activities of local Freemasons in Egypt and Syria during the last decades of the Ottoman Empite. A number of earlier historians have attached considerable importance to pre- and post-1908 masonic orders and Ottoman politics. Too few, however, have tried to analyze ways in which essential social themes, some widely recognized as having importance across international and intercultural lines, were viewed through the perspective of late 19th-century Freemasonry. A first task in this introduction, therefore, will be to see how Masons in Europe and the Middle East viewed, or were presumed to view, a number of such social themes in general terms. We will then turn to one specific issue which clearly assumed more than passing importance as a propagandistic cause pursued by a small but influential group of Masons in Syria and Egypt over nearly two decades' time. We may tentatively suggest that the purpose of such endeavors was to encourage majority acceptance of the relevance and value of a cause espoused for the body politic as a whole, without necessary reference to its original, here clearly minority, proponents.
In: International journal of Middle East studies: IJMES, Band 17, Heft 4, S. 529-530
ISSN: 1471-6380
In: International journal of Middle East studies: IJMES, Band 17, Heft 4, S. 463
ISSN: 0020-7438
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 473, Heft 1, S. 203-203
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: Middle East Studies Association bulletin, Band 17, Heft 2, S. 198-198
In: Middle East Studies Association bulletin, Band 17, Heft 1, S. 75-76
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 461, Heft 1, S. 154-155
ISSN: 1552-3349
In: The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Band 456, Heft 1, S. 173-173
ISSN: 1552-3349